BV  3427  .A3  W5 
Abeel,  David,  1804-1846. 
Memoir  of  the  Rev.  David 
Abeel,  D.D. 


MEMOIR 


OF    THE 


REV.  DAVID  ABEEL,  D.D, 


LATE  MISSIONARY  TO  CHINA. 


BY    HIS    .NEPHEW, 


REV.    G .    R.    WILLIAMSON. 


NEW    YORK: 
ROBERT    CARTER,    58    CANAL   ST. 

184  8 


^ 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848,  by 

ROBERTCARTER, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for 

the  Southern  District  of  New  Yorli. 


THOMAS    B.    SMITH,    STKRKOTYPKR,  ROBERT    CRAIGHE.VD,    I'lUNTER, 

216  WILUAM  STREET,  N    V.  ll'i    FULTON    STREET. 


PREFACE 


The  following  Memoir,  now  presented  to  the  Christian 
public,  has  been  prepared  at  the  suggestion  of  friends, 
who  believed  that  the  interests  of  vital  godliness  and  of 
the  cause  of  Missions  called  for  its  publication. 

It  is  compiled  from  the  Journal,  Diary,  and  Correspon- 
dence of  Mr.  Abeel.  The  part  of  the  Compiler  has  con- 
sisted, chiefly,  in  arranging  and  connecting  these  mate- 
rials, and  thus  the  work  appears  partly  in  the  character 
of  an  autobiography.  It  has  necessarily  assumed  this 
shape,  as  the  distance  of  Mr.  Abeel's  field  of  labor  has 
precluded  any  knowledge  of  the  events  which  occurred 
during  the  greater  part  of  his  life,  farther  than  they  are 
recorded  by  himself. 

^  It  has  been  found  difficult  to  give  to  this  work  that  pe- 
culiar interest  which  has  been  thrown  around  many  Biog- 
raphies. The  difficulty  has  been  two-fold — consisting  in 
the  impossibility  of  recalling  to  any  extent  a  correspon- 
dence which  was  scattered  over  every  part  of  the  globe 
— and  in  the  want  of  knowledge  respecting  those  little 
facts  and  incidents  of  life  which  often  develop  the  char- 
acter in  its  most  delightful  aspects,  and  which  can  only 
be  known  by  the  intimate  acquaintance  arising  from  con- 


IV  PREFACE. 

tinual  personal  intercourse.  Consequently,  the  reader 
must  not  expect  to  find  those  points  of  peculiar  interest 
which  characterize  Biographies  prepared  where  these  dif- 
ficulties have  not  been  experienced. 

Whether  the  fact,  that  the  principal  events  of  Mr. 
Abeel's  life  are  recorded  in  his  own  language,  compen- 
sates for  this  deficiency,  the  public  will  judge.  The  work, 
as  it  is,  has  been  prepared  with  care  ;  and  the  object  of 
its  publication  will  be  fully  attained,  if  its  perusal  shall 
lead  to  more  expanded  vieAvs  of  Christian  duty,  and  more 
earnestness  and  zeal  in  following  those,  "  who  through 
faith  and  patience  inherit  the  promises." 

West  Ghent,  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.  > 
January^  1848.  $ 

dp"' 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Birth  and  Parentage — Development  of  Character  in  Youth — 
Seeks  to  enter  the  MiUtary  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  re- 
linquishes his  plan  through  delay — Studies  Medicine — His 
Conversion — His  Resolution  to  devote  himself  to  God's  Ser- 
vice in  the  Ministry — Enters  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
Nevv^  Brunswick,  New  Jersey — Graduates  and  is  Licensed  to 
Preach, 9 

CHAPTER   11. 

Is  Settled  at  Athens,  Greene  County,  New  York — Is  Ordained 
to  the  Work  of  the  Ministry— His  Reflections— The  Nature, 
Extent,  and  Success  of  his  Labors  in  this  Field — Labors 
much  in  other  Places  during  Revivals — Private  Diary — 
Health  fails,  and  he  is  forced  to  give  up  his  Charge,    .         .17 

CHAPTER  III. 

Account  of  the  Exercises  of  Mr.  Abeel's  Mind  in  regard  to  the 
Work  of  Missions,  from  the  time  when  he  first  turned  his  at- 
tention to  it — Difficulties  in  regard  to  leaving  his  aged  Par- 
ents— Overcomes  all,  and  resolves  to  offer  himself  to  the  A.  B. 
C.  F.  M.,  just  as  his  Health  fails  and  he  leaves  Athens — 
Health  so  precarious  that  he  sails  to  St.  Johns,  expecting 
to  Preach  there — Is  partially  hindered  from  Preaching  by  the 
Government — The  Difficulty  is  removed,  and  he  Preaches — 
Returns  to  New  York— Preaches  in  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  in  Orchard  Street, 38 


VI  CONTENTri. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

PAO« 

The  Way  is  opened  in  Providence  for  his  Entrance  on  Mission- 
ary Labor— Prepares  to  visit  China  under  the  care  of  the 
Seamen's  Friend  Society,  with  the  intention  of  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  care  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  when  his  term  of  ser- 
vice as  Chaplain  shall  have  expired — Farewell  Meeting — 
Reflections  on  leaving  his  Native  Land— Labors  as  Chap- 
lain during  the  Passage— Reaches  Canton — Enters  on  his 
Labors  as  Chaplain  for  Seamen— Incidents  showing  his  Suc- 
cess— His  Views  of  the  Mode  of  addressing  Sailors  on  Relig- 
ious Subjects — Closes  his  Engagement  with  the  Seamen's 
Friend  Society,  and  is  transferred  to  the  care  of  the  A.  B.  C. 
F.  M.— Private  Diary, 49 

CHAPTER  V. 

Mr.  Abeel  leaves  Canton  on  a  Missionary  Tour  to  some  of  the 
Islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago — Sails  in  the  Castle 
Huntley  to  Java — Arrives  at  Angier,  and  crosses  to  Batavia 
by  Land — Labors  there  with  Mr.  Medhurst,  studying  the 
Chinese  Language — Sails  from  Batavia  to  Singapore,  where 
he  meets  Rev.  Mr.  Tomlin,  his  Fellow-Missionary — They  sail 
to  Siam — Remains  in  Siam  six  months  laboring  as  a  Mis- 
sionary— Letters  Home — Description  of  his  Labors,  and  their 
Success — Leaves  Siam  for  Singapore — Visits  Malacca — Con- 
tinually Engaged  during  this  Tour  in  Missionary  Labor — 
Extracts  from  his  Private  Diary, 79 

CHAPTER   VI. 

His  Health  is  partially  restored,  and  he  returns  to  Siam — La- 
bors there  alone  as  a  Missionary  for  six  months — Journal  of 
his  Labors — Encouraging  Appearances — Number  of  Hear- 
ers, &c.,  &c. — His  Health  fails — Leaves  for  Singapore — La- 
bors as  Missionary  there,  and  assists  the  Chaplain,  Rev.  Mr. 
Burns — Attends  him  in  his  Sickness  and  Death — Description 
of  Mr.  Burns's  Character  by  Mr.  Abeel — Assumes  his  office 
as  Chaplain — Is  greatly  Blessed  in  his  Efforts — Continues  at 
the  same  time  his  Missionary  Labors — Health  again  fails — 
Sails  for  London  in  the  Cambridge,       .....   104 


CONTENTS.  Vll 

CHAPTER  VII. 

PAQK 

Mr.  Abeel  reaches  England — Passes  over  to  the  Continent,  vis- 
iting Holland,  France,  and  Switzerland,  dispensing  Mission- 
ary Information — His  Labors  excite  much  Interest  in  the 
Cause — Returns  to  London — Preaches  at  different  places  in 
England — Founds  Ladies'  Missionary  Society  in  London — 
Sails  for  America — As  soon  as  he  reaches  the  United  States 
commences  operations,  in  travelling  and  extending  Mission- 
ary Knowledge — Visits  New  England — Goes  to  the  South, 
and  during  the  Winter  Labors  in  the  Southern  States — Let- 
ter stating  the  Effect  of  his  Labor — Returns  to  the  North, 
and  Visits  and  Preaches  in  many  Churches  of  his  own  De- 
nomination— Attends  Medical  Lectures  in  New  York — Is 
taken  Sick  and  confined  four  months — Travels  when  suffi- 
ciently recovered  to  the  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia — Spends 
the  Summer  there — Returns  Home  and  prepares  for  Saihng 
to  China, 132 


CHAPTER  Vm. 

Mr.  Abeel  is  Disappointed  in  his  Expectation  of  Sailing  to 
China  by  sudden  Sickness — Forced  to  spend  the  Winter  in 
the  W^est  India  Islands,  principally  St.  Croix  and  St.  Thomas 
— Learns  now  of  the  existence  of  an  Organic  Disease  of  the 
Heart — His  Reflections  on  the  subject — Sails  from  West  In- 
dies and  reaches  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey — Labors  in 
the  Great  Revival  which  was  then  at  its  height  in  that  place 
— Is  attacked  with  the  Varioloid  in  New  York — Goes  again 
to  the  Southern  States  for  the  Winter,  and  Labors  for  the 
Heathen  as  his  Health  permits — Returns  to  New  York,  and 
is  again  Disappointed  in  Saihng  for  China  by  Sickness — La- 
bors in  different  Theological  Seminaries  in  Increasing  the 
Missionary  Spirit — At  length  his  Wish  is  Gratified,  and  he 
prepares  to  Sail  for  Canton— Farewell  Service — Journal 
during  the  Passage, -      .        .  161 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Mr.  Abeel  arrives  at  Canton — Great  Changes  since  he  left — 
Dr.  Morrison  Gone  to  his  Rest — Missionaries  Increased  in 


Vni  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Number — Opium  Difficulties  soon  commence — His  Views  of 
these  Difficulties — His  Journal  Describing  the  Course  of 
Events  during  the  first  two  years  of  the  Opium  Troubles — 
Describing  the  Course  of  the  Chinese  Authorities  in  regard  to 
the  Trade — The  Resistance  of  the  English — Engagements 
and  Battles — Seizure  of  Mr.  Stanton  and  his  subsequent 
Release,  &.c,,  &c. — His  Religious  Feelings  during  this  time,  177 

CHAPTER  X. 

Mr.  Abeel  leaves  China  on  a  Missionary  Tour,  a  favorable  op- 
portunity being  afforded  by  the  continuance  of  the  War — 
Sails  for  Singapore — Remains  there  until  September — Visit- 
ing Malacca — Labors  as  a  Missionary,  and  Preaches  during 
this  time — Then  Visits  Borneo — His  Delight  and  Pleasure 
from  this  Visit — Returns  to  Macao — Sails  for  Kolongsoo  to 
Examine  its  Fitness  as  a  Missionary  Station—  His  Favora- 
ble View  of  its  Position — Settles  there — Alone  in  his  Labors 
for  two  months,  then  is  joined  by  others — His  Parents  called 
to  leave  the  World — His  Reflections — Journal  of  his  Labors  at 
Kolongsoo — Missionary  Excursion  in  the  Country — Is  joined 
by  Messrs.  Polhman  and  Doty  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
— His  Health  again  fails  entirely,  and  after  trying  without 
success  to  receive  benefit  by  short  sea  voyages,  he  prepares 
to  return  to  America, 204 

CHAPTER  XL 

Mr.  Abeel  Returns  once  more  to  America — His  Increasing  De- 
bility— Religious  Comfort  and  Enjoyment  of  the  Divine  Prea- 
ence — Travels  from  place  to  place — Dies  at  Albany,  and  is 
Buried  at  Greenwood  Cemetery,  1846,  ....  256 

CHAPTER  XII. 
Sketch  of  the  Character  of  David  Abeel,          .        .        .        .266 

APPENDIX. 

1.  Religious  Vade  Mecum, 290 

2.  Sermon  on  Heaven, 299 


MEMOIR 


CHAPTER  I. 

David  Abeel,  the  subject  of  this  Memoir,  was 
born  on  the  12th  day  of  June,  1804,  in  the  city  of 
New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey.  His  father,  David 
Abeel,  Senior,  was  a  son  of  James  Abeel,  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  a  Deputy  Quartermaster  in  the  Conti- 
nental army  ;  and  an  elder  brother  of  the  Rev.  Jno. 
N.  Abeel,  a  pastor  of  the  Collegiate  Reformed  Dutch 
Church,  whose  memory  is  still  precious  in  the  hearts 
of  many  who  owned  him  as  their  spiritual  father. 
David  Abeel,  Senior,  was  an  officer  in  the  United 
States  Navy,  during  the  time  of  its  most  severe  ser- 
vice in  the  course  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  was 
engaged  in  several  actions ;  and  was  so  distinguished 
for  his  bravery,  that,  in  connection  with  a  few  others, 
he  received  the  special  thanks  of  Congress  for  his 
devotion  to  the  service  of  his  country.  He  was  a 
man  of  strict  morality  and  worth.  The  mother  of 
the  missionary  was  Jane  Hassert,  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, a  lady  possessed  of  deep  piety,  great  benevo- 
lence of  character,  and  gentleness  of  spirit.     The 


10  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Abeel  family  were  originally  from  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, Holland.  Both  his  father  and  mother  had 
passed  frOm  earth  before  his  last  return  to  his  native 
land. 

We  have  no  record  that  in  his  early  youth,  he 
was  the  subject  of  any  peculiar  religious  impressions. 
These  years  were  characterized  by  a  great  vivacity 
of  spirit,  a  depth  of  generous  feeling,  a  high  sense 
of  worldly  honor,  and  a  remarkable  devotion  to 
friends  and  friendships.  He  was  also  exceedingly 
fond  of  all  athletic  exercises ;  and  at  this  time  his 
constitution  became  well  developed,  and  acquired 
that  strength  which  enabled  him  in  after-life  to  per- 
form an  immense  amount  of  intellectual  labor ;  and 
to  struggle,  for  so  many  years,  against  the  ravages 
of  a  deeply  seated  disease,  which  seldom  continues 
so  long  in  the  system  without  producing  fatal  re- 
sults. 

When  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  made  application 
to  be  admitted  into  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  but  on  account  of  the  number  of  those  who 
had  made  previous  application,  he  was  led  to  with- 
draw his  request.  In  this  disappointment  it  is  easy 
for  us,  at  the  present  time,  to  see  the  hand  of  Provi- 
dence preparing  the  way  for  his  engagement  in  the 
service  of  that  Master,  whom  as  yet  he  did  not  own 
as  his  Lord. 

He  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, with  a  view  of  spending  his  life  in  its  prac- 
tice. He  had  been  engaged  in  this  study  for  about  a 
year,  when^  in  the  providence  of  God,  his  mind  was 
brought  under  the  influence  of  religious  truth,  which 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL  H 

resulted  in  his  conversion.  He  has  left  no  account 
of  his  exercises  at  the  period  when  it  was  thought 
that  his  soul  passed  from  death  unto  life ;  but  all  the 
circumstances  connected  with  that  change  are  re- 
membered distinctly  by  the  surviving  members  of 
the  family.  His  convictions  were  so  deep  as  to  pro- 
duce in  his  mind  the  fear  that  he  had  sinned  against 
the  Holy  Ghost.  They  increased,  as  by  reflection 
he  became  more  deeply  impressed  with  the  incon- 
ceivably fearful  nature  of  that  sin.  The  Spirit  of 
God  operated  on  his  conscience  with  great  power, 
and  the  very  strength  of  mind  which  he  possessed, 
only  served  to  deepen  his  anguish,  by  enabling  him 
to  view  eternal  things  more  clearly. 

His  soul  was  racked  with  deep  anxiety  and  tor- 
menting doubts,  and  many  weary  days  and  sleepless 
nights  were  appointed  him.  At  this  time  there  was 
no  settled  pastor  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  of 
New  Brunswick,  where  he  was  in  the  habit  of  at- 
tending divine  service ;  and  he  sought  the  instruc- 
tions of  that  venerable  father  in  God,  Dr.  Living- 
ston, who  had  the  oversight  of  the  vacant  church. 

His  peculiar  treatment  of  the  awakened,  while  it 
displayed  his  knowledge  of  the  human  heart,  also 
unfolded  to  their  view  their  own  guilt  and  true  con- 
dition, and  led  them  more  quickly  to  the  cross  of 
Christ  for  pardon.  He  thoroughly  probed  the  heart 
of  this  young  inquirer,  and  showed  him  all  its  vile- 
ness,  before  he  led  him  to  hope  for  any  relief.  It 
was  a  severe  treatment,  but  it  was  needed  ;  and  al- 
though the  natural  heart  for  a  time  rebelled  against 
the  development  of  its  guilt,  yet,  under  the  blessing 


12  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

of  God,  the  faithful  teachings  of  that  venerable  man 
were  the  instruments  of  producing  clear  and  correct 
views  of  religion  in  the  mind,  and  of  leading  the 
penitent  soul  to  resign  itself  to  the  mercy  of  Christ, 
in  hope. 

After  a  long  season  of  deep  distress  and  darkness, 
hope  dawned  upon  him.  But  when  he  first  found 
rehef  from  his  convictions,  his  peace  was  by  no 
means  complete — the  clouds  did  not  pass  away 
immediately,  but  they  were  gradually  dispelled,  as 
his  views  of  truth  and  duty  became  more  expanded. 
From  this  time  there  arose  a  lasting  intimacy  be- 
tween himself  and  Dr.  Livingston.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  Mr.  Abeel  never  committed  to  writ- 
ing the  incidents  connected  with  his  conversion, 
that  we  might  possess  the  narrative  of  his  religious 
feelings  and  exercises,  even  from  the  very  com- 
mencement of  his  Christian  course  ;  but  from  the 
testimony  of  those  who  were  witnesses  of  the  re- 
markable change  which  then  manifested  itself  in 
his  walk  and  conversation,  and  from  their  recollec- 
tion of  his  own  expressed  views,  we  are  well  assured 
of  the  fact,  that  he  himself  conceived  this  to  have 
been  the  season  of  God's  mercy,  as  displayed  in  the 
conversion  of  his  soul. 

Then  those  traits  of  Christian  character  began  to 
be  developed,  which  distinguished  him  in  all  his 
course,  and  which  became  more  marked  as  the  work 
of  sanctification  progressed  in  his  soul. 

From  the  very  commencement  of  his  religious 
life,  he  was  led  to  take  a  high  position  in  regard  to 
duty,  and  the  extent  of  his  consecration  to  the  ser- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  13 

vice  of  God.  Firm  conscientious  principle  took  the 
place  of  mere  manliness  and  worldly  honor,  and  be- 
came his  guide  in  all  his  conduct ;  leading  him  to 
exercise  the  most  scrupulous  care  in  regard  to  the 
feelings  of  others,  and  the  greatest  watchfulness 
over  his  own  spirit. 

And  that  love  for  souls  which  burned  so  brightly 
and  steadily  in  his  bosom,  and  seemed  to  be  his  mas- 
ter-passion, was  kindled  there  by  the  gracious  Spirit, 
when  he  felt  the  mercy  of  God  in  his  own  salvation. 
Under  its  influence  his  great  inquiry  was,  "  How 
can  I  be  of  greater  service  in  the  cause  of  my  Mas- 
ter ?"  Nor  did  he  cease  to  seek  an  answer  to  this 
question,  both  by  wrestling  with  God  in  prayer,  and 
by  watching  the  course  of  his  Providence,  until,  by 
devoting  himself  entirely  to  God,  as  an  ambassador 
for  Christ,  he  was  able  to  satisfy  in  some  degree  the 
desire  which  burned  within  him,  to  take  up  his  cross 
and  deny  himself  and  follow  Jesus. 

We  know  not  what  were  his  peculiar  exercises  in 
reference  to  the  work  of  the  ministry ;  but  it  is 
hardly  probable  that  possessing  such  views  he  should 
falter  in  the  matter ;  except  when  overcome  with  a 
sense  of  his  unworthiness,  and  a  fear  of  future  un- 
faithfulness— feelings  which  he  often  experienced, 
and  recorded  in  his  journal.  But,  whatever  were 
his  doubts  as  to  his  ability,  he  does  not  appear  to 
have  had  any  with  regard  to  his  duty ;  and  accord- 
ingly we  find  that,  ere  long,  he  addressed  himself  to 
the  study  of  theology.  In  the  fall  of  1823,  he  en- 
tered the  Theological  Seminary  at  New  Brunswick, 
where  he  remained  for  three  years.     He  engaged  in 


14  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

all  the  studies  of  the  course  with  conscientious  dili- 
gence, and  enjoyed  not  only  the  respect,  but  also  the 
intimate  friendship  of  his  Professors. 

The  records  kept  in  his  private  journal  at  this 
time,  tell  us  of  a  spiritual  course,  chequered  by  al- 
ternate hopes  and  fears,  yet  displaying  one  great 
aim  and  desire,  which  manifested  itself  in  a  constant 
struggling  after  more  holiness  and  devotion  to  the 
service  of  Christ. 

During  his  course  in  the  Seminary,  he  was  as 
much  engaged  as  he  could  be  in  accordance  with  the 
rules  of  the  institution,  in  lecturing,  in  visiting  the 
sick,  the  suffering  and  the  poor,  and  administering 
to  them  religious  instruction  and  consolation.  He 
labored  much  for  the  poor  at  the  almshouse,  thus 
evincing  that  missionary  spirit  which  was  the  gov- 
erning motive  of  his  future  life.  While  he  was  in 
the  Seminary,  that  great  and  good  man,  Dr.  Living- 
ston, was  called  from  his  labors  to  his  rest  in  heaven. 
He  felt  his  loss  most  deeply,  and  mourned  over  the 
departure  of  his  spiritual  adviser. 

Among  his  papers  the  following  resolution  was 
found,  which  was  formed  and  subscribed  by  him, 
while  in  his  preparatory  course  : — "  Conscious  of  the 
importance  of  making  an  unreserved  surrender  of 
myself  to  the  service  of  Him  under  whose  banner 
I  have  enlisted,  I  would  solemnly  determine,  (not 
in  my  own  strength,  but  by  the  co-operation  and 
restraining  influence  of  the  Spirit  of  God,  in  whom 
alone  I  trust,)  on  this,  the  15th  of  September,  1825, 
henceforth  to  renounce  every  known  sin,  though  it 
cost  me  the  pain  of  plucking  out  an  eye,  or  cutting 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  15 

off  a  hand  ;  and  of  living,  as  far  as  possible,  a  life 
consistent  with  my  high  vocation.  May  the  Lord 
grant  me  his  strength,  and  the  glory  shall  be  given 
to  him." 

The  records  in  his  journal  during  his  last  year  in 
the  Seminary,  display  his  feelings  of  distrust  in  re- 
gard to  his  fitness  for  the  work  of  the  ministry.  His 
theological  course  was  finished  on  the  15th  of  April, 
1826.  On  the  20th  of  the  same  month  he  received 
his  license  to  preach  the  Everlasting  Gospel,  and  his 
written  reflections  show  how  highly  he  valued  the 
privilege,  and  how  deeply  he  felt  its  responsibilities. 

"April  20,  1826. — Never  before  have  I  written 
under  such  peculiar  circumstances.  This  day  I  have 
been  licensed  to  preach  the  Everlasting  Gospel  of 
my  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ.  I  feel  impressed 
with  a  view  of  the  solemnity  and  deep  responsibility 
of  my  office.  Oh,  how  unfit  am  I  to  undertake  a 
work  which  involves  such  eternal  consequences. 
Blessed  be  God,  I  do  not  go  forth  in  my  own  name, 
I  do  not  depend  upon  my  own  sufficiency.  My 
strength  and  confidence  are  in  the  Almighty  Being, 
who,  I  trust,  has  called  me.  His  promises  are  en- 
couraging ;  and  his  faithfulness,  though  repeatedly 
proved,  has  never  failed.  It  is  my  desire  now,  be- 
fore I  commence  the  duties  of  my  office,  to  make  a 
solemn  and  unreserved  surrender  of  myself  to  the 
great  Lord  of  the  vineyard.  My  life,  my  health,  my 
time,  my  talents,  all  that  I  have,  I  sincerely  desire  to 
consecrate  to  his  service.  Lord  Jesus,  take  me,  and 
make  me  thine.  And  now  would  I  come  to  the  de- 
termination, in  my  Father's  strength,  to  live  a  life  of 


16  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

faith  and  holiness — to  keep  myself  unspotted  from 
the  world — to  live  in  the  habitual  commission  of  no 
sin — and  to  mortify  the  old  man,  with  his  affections 
and  lusts.  Oh,  how  shall  I  preach  to  others  that 
which  I  practise  not  myself  Oh,  thou  great  God, 
I  have  no  strength  of  my  own,  I  look  to  thee  for  thy 
grace.  Now  I  am  thy  servant,  intrusted  by  thee 
with  the  office  of  the  ministry ;  keep  me,  Oh  keep 
me,  from  sinning  in  thought,  word  or  deed.  Let  me 
experience  the  power  of  godliness  in  my  heart,  and 
from  this  day  walk  in  newness  of  life ;  and  hence- 
forth spend  and  be  spent  in  thy  service." 

The  next  Sabbath  he  preached  for  the  first  time 
in  the  church  of  English  Neighborhood,  and  the 
Sabbath  after,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

Large  extracts  might  have  been  taken  from  his 
journals,  during  his  life  in  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary ;  but  as  the  chief  end  of  their  compilation  is 
to  present  him  to  view  as  the  active  laborer  in  the 
vineyard  of  the  Lord,  it  has  been  deemed  expedient 
to  use  this  journal  but  sparingly.  It  is  sufficient  to 
say  that  all  the  records  of  his  early  diary  display  the 
firmness  of  his  Christian  character,  from  its  very 
commencement.  As  the  circumstances  and  duties 
connected  with  a  regular  settlement  as  pastor  served 
more  fully  to  develop  that  character,  the  extracts 
in  the  next  chapter  shall  be  more  copious.  ' 


CHAPTER   II. 

On  the  26th  of  May,  1826,  David  Abeel  received 
his  commission  to  labor  as  Pastor  in  the  village  oi 
Athens,  Greene  county,  New  York ;  and  in  the  course 
of  two  weeks  he  became  established  at  this  place. 

In  speaking  of  its  moral  condition,  he  says :  "  It  is 
much  like  the  famous  city  from  which  it  derived  its 
name,  in  regard  to  religion.  Vice  appears  to  reign 
in  all  her  multiplied  forms.  Blasphemy  and  intem- 
perance abound.  The  Sabbath  is  in  great  measure 
disregarded ;  and  were  it  not  for  the  power  of  that 
Master  who  has  promised  to  be  with  his  ambassa- 
dors, I  would  shrink  from  the  task  and  retire  in  de- 
spair. The  place  abounds  in  brick-yards,  in  which 
the  most  vulgar  and  abandoned  are  engaged." 

When  he  first  reached  Athens  the  church  edifice 
was  not  yet  completed,  and  he  used  the  school-house 
as  the  place  of  worship. 

From  the  very  commencement  of  his  labors,  he 
manifested  the  greatest  anxiety  in  regard  to  their 
result.  He  was  so  deeply  aflfected  by  the  appear- 
ance of  the  wickedness  around  him,  and  by  thoughts 
of  the  responsibiUty  of  his  station,  as  the  one  ap- 
pointed of  God  to  lift  up  the  standard  against  the  pre- 
vailing iniquity,  that  he  ceased  not,  day  and  night, 


18  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  Struggle  in  prayer  with  God  for  his  blessing.  He 
then  displayed  one  great  principle  of  his  life,  which 
always  influenced  him,  and  gave  additional  energy 
to  all  his  labors.  He  hoped  for  great  things  ;  and 
his  desires,  and  supplications,  and  expectations  knew 
of  no  limits,  but  the  broad  promises  of  God's  word. 
The  record  in  his  diary  a  ^ort  time  after  his  settle- 
ment, testifies  to  the  extent  of  his  anticipations,  and 
the  depth  of  his  anxiety  for  his  flock.  "  My  earnest 
desire,  my  prayer,  and,  I  had  almost  said,  my  expec- 
tation is,  that  God  would  visit  us  in  mercy.  There 
are  some  favorable  appearances.  Oh,  that  the  Lord 
would  make  his  unworthy  servant  instrumental  in 
arousing  his  people,  that,  by  co-operation  in  prayer 
and  active  exertion,  the  spiritually  dead  may  be 
awakened."  "O  God,  strengthen  and  assist  thine 
inexperienced,  feeble  servant."  Again  :  "  My  heart 
feels  deeply  anxious  for  a  revival  of  pure  and  unde- 
filed  religion.  The  appearances  are  encouraging,  and 
we  sincerely  hope  and  pray  that  God  will  bless  us." 
In  October  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by 
the  Rev.  Classis  of  Rensselaer.  He  thus  records 
the  event  and  his  own  feelings  : — "  On  Tuesday  the 
Classis  met,  and  ordained  me  as  evangelist  in  the 
church  of  Athens.  The  exercises  were  solemn,  and 
I  trust  sanctified  to  my  soul.  Oh,  the  responsibility 
of  my  sacred  trust! — 'who  is  sufficient  for  these 
things  V  May  that  God  in  whose  name  and  strength 
I  desire  to  go  forth,  from  this  time  bless  me  with 
strength  equal  to  my  day.  If  my  heart  deceive  me 
not,  my  desire  is,  to  be  a  workman  who  need  not  be 
ashamed.    I  wish  to  be  earnestly  devoted  to  the  ser- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  19 

vice  of  my  precious  Jesus.  Feeling  impressed  with 
an  idea  that  my  race  will  be  short,  may  my  cove- 
nant God  give  me  the  utmost  diligence  to  work 
while  the  day  lasts.     O  Lord,  never  leave  me." 

In  examining  his  labors  as  pastor  of  this  church, 
we  cannot  fail  to  notice  their  extent  and  variety. 
He  used  every  means,  both  direct  and  remote,  with 
the  most  indefatigable  diligence,  to  affect  the  hearts 
of  his  people.  The  effect  produced  by  his  labors 
during  his  brief  sojourn  in  that  place,  teaches  us 
what  can  be  done  by  an  entire  consecration  of  the 
ministry  to  the  service  of  the  Master.  His  morn- 
ings were  spent  in  his  study,  his  afternoons  in  going 
from  house  to  house  for  the  purpose  of  religious  con- 
versation with  all  who  attended  on  the  services  of 
the  church. 

He  carefully  recorded  all  the  incidents  which  oc- 
curred in  these  visits  : 

"  Sept.  2. — I  spent  several  afternoons  last  week 
in  visiting  families,  particularly  the  sick.  My  anx- 
iety in  behalf  of  this  people  is  continually  increasing, 
and  I  have  reason  to  hope  that  my  labors  have  not 
been  in  vain  in  the  Lord." 

"July  9. — This  day  has  been  partly  spent  in  vis- 
iting. Among  a  variety  of  characters  which  I  saw, 
was  one  which  exceeded  all  others  in  obduracy  that 
I  had  ever  witnessed.  It  was  the  case  of  an  old 
man,  probably  upwards  of  seventy  years  of  age. 
Before  speaking  to  him,  I  understood  that  he  was 
addicted  to  intemperance,  blasphemy,  and  doubtless 
many  other  vices  equally  heinous.  When  I  inquired 
respecting  the  condition  of  his  soul,  he  acknowl- 


20  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

edged  his  wickedness  and  unpreparedness  for  heav- 
en. I  spoke  of  his  age — he  knew  that  he  soon  must 
die.  I  alluded  to  the  future  state  of  his  soul — he 
acknowledged  that  it  was  not  prepared  for  heaven, 
and  thought  it  never  would  be ;  and  was  aware,  that 
if  removed  soon,  his  soul  would  sink  to  hell  swifter 
than  a  ball  escapes  from  the  cannon's  mouth.  He 
said  the  mere  thought  of  hell  distressed  him  dread- 
fully. I  spoke  of  the  Saviour — he  knew  his  power 
and  willingness.  I  asked  him,  why  then  he  did  not 
believe  in  him  ?  He  replied  with  emphasis,  '  Be- 
cause I  won't.'  He  said  he  knew  it  was  nothing 
but  disinclination.  Seeing  his  awful  hardness,  I  en- 
deavored to  move  him  by  the  terrors  of  the  Lord, 
but  all  in  vain.  He  knew  that  he  could  not  stand  at 
the  day  of  judgment.  He  knew  that  he  would  be 
speechless,  believed  that  eternal  torment  was  insup- 
portable, acknowledged  that  the  mere  reflection 
shocked  him,  and  yielded  his  assent  to  every  awful 
and  awakening  truth  which  could  be  mentioned  in 
relation  to  his  own  future  state.  He  said  he  knew 
them  all,  was  familiar  with  the  word  of  God,  and 
pretended  to  believe  the  whole  of  it,  even  the  most 
alarming  descriptions  of  judgment  and  destruction  ; 
and  yet  remained  as  insensible  as  a  rock.  I  spoke 
of  his  death-bed  scene — he  enlarged  on  the  subject, 
and  mentioned  the  principal  causes  of  agony  at  that 
trying  hour.  In  a  word,  the  most  terrifying  truths, 
though  fully  acknowledged,  had  no  effect — the  most 
moving  and  persuasive  considerations  w^ere  entirely 
unheeded.  He  candidly  confessed  that  he  had  ex- 
perienced great  convictions  of  conscience,  and  been 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  21 

deeply  impressed  with  religious  truth.  He  had  a 
pious  mother,  who  had  often  conversed  with  him, 
but  had  hardened  himself  and  braced  himself  against 
the  truth.  He  was  the  only  sinner  that  I  had  ever 
seen,  who,  while  he  admitted  a  state  of  eternal  pun- 
ishment, was  not  supported  in  his  course  by  the  vain 
hope  of  future  preparation.  Hope,  it  appeared,  was 
a  stranger  to  his  breast ;  and  yet  there  appeared 
nothing  like  despair — nothing,  but  total  stupidity. 
Such  is  the  depravity  of  the  human  heart.  '  Who 
then  hath  made  me  to  differ  V  " 

He  preached  frequently,  as  the  state  of  the  people 
demanded.  His  regular  services  consisted  in  preach- 
ing twice,  and  holding  a  Bible  class  on  the  Sabbath, 
and  lecturing  twice  during  the  week.  That  his 
labors  were  often  still  more  abundant,  will  be  seen 
by  reference  to  his  diary. 

"December  11,  1826. — For  every  evening  this 
week  I  have  been  engaged  in  some  meeting,  be- 
sides delivering  a  funeral  address  on  Tuesday,  and 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  Thursday.  This  day  I 
have  preached  twice,  as  usual.  My  soul  was  moved 
in  prayer  this  evening,  and  I  felt  as  if  I  might  com- 
mit sin  in  something  like  an  impatience  for  a  revi- 
val at  the  present  time.  Although  my  concern  for 
sinners  is  sometimes  as  an  oppressive  burden ;  yet, 
I  wish  to  say  in  all  cases,  '  Thy  will  be  done.'  " 

"  December  24. — For  the  last  two  weeks  I  have 
been  engaged  in  some  exercise  almost  every  night 
in  the  week.  Sometimes  I  possess  much  enlarge- 
ment and  assistance  in  the  discharge  of  duties.  I 
find   myself  also  at  times  oppressed  with  gloomy 


22  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

doubts  and  fears.  I  often  feel  much  distressed  to 
think  that  all  these  services  will  tend  to  harden,  if 
they  do  not  benefit.  I  wish  I  could  realize  more 
deeply  the  wretchedness  of  ruined  souls.  Oh  that  I 
could  weep  and  pray  for  them  with  all  anxiety  and 
feeling." 

"  October  10. — During  the  past  week  I  have  been 
much  engaged  in  preaching,  attending  prayer  meet- 
ings, and  visiting  families.  I  sincerely  hope  that 
the  Spirit  of  God  will  be  poured  out  in  copious  ef- 
fusions upon  this  place.  There  will  doubtless  be 
much  opposition.  The  enemies  of  the  Saviour  are 
already  taking  a  stand,  and  we  may  anticipate  much 
resistance.  But  the  strong  man  has  a  stronger  than 
he  with  whom  to  contend.  I  think  that  I  feel  wall- 
ing to  stem  the  current  of  opposition." 

He  was  faithful  to  souls,  in  dispensing  to  them 
advice  in  his  daily  intercourse,  and  in  preaching  by 
the  power  of  a  holy  walk  and  conversation.  And 
perhaps  this,  under  God,  was  the  great  element  of 
his  success.  His  aim  was  to  make  his  life  an  ex- 
emplification of  the  blessed  constraining  influence 
of  the  religion  of  his  Master.  Hence  his  words  al- 
ways possessed  a  power,  which  can  only  be  derived 
from  the  conviction  on  the  minds  of  men,  that  the 
preacher  of  the  Gospel  is  sincere  and  earnest  in  his 
desires  for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  his  flock.  He 
never  permitted  an  opportunity  to  pass,  without  en- 
forcing on  the  consciences  of  those  with  whom  he 
came  in  contact,  the  necessity  and  beauty  of  holi- 
ness. It  was  remarked  by  one  under  whose  roof 
he  found  a  home  during  the  time  of  his  labors  at 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  23 

Athens,  "  I  never  knew  him  to  sit  with  the  family, 
or  even  to  pass  through  the  room  in  which  they 
were  engaged,  without  making  some  remarks  of  a 
rehgious  c^haracter — saying  something  to  impress 
the  mind  with  its  importance."  Such  was  his  in- 
tercourse with  all  his  people.  Although  he  never 
intruded  his  religious  views  in  conversation  so  as  to 
offend,  yet  he  always  managed  skilfully  to  say  some- 
thing for  the  honor  of  his  Master.  Nor  did  this 
constant  or  frequent  introduction  of  such  topics 
leave  any  impression  on  the  minds  of  men  of  a 
gloomy  or  unpleasant  nature.  This  was  not  the 
character  of  his  own  spiritual  exercises  ;  and  he 
chose  to  commend  the  cause  of  his  Master  by  show- 
ing the  pleasures  connected  with  it,  rather  than  to 
terrify  by  the  language  of  warning.  Hence,  even 
the  impenitent  were  pleased  to  listen  to  his  lan- 
guage of  affection  and  kindness,  and  were  willing 
to  believe  in  the  worth  of  a  religion  inculcating 
such  joyful  truths,  and  bestowing  on  the  soul  such 
glorious  hopes.  Never,  except  in  peculiar  circum- 
stances of  guilt  and  depravity,  did  he  apply  to  any 
the  severe  threatenings  of  the  w^ord  of  God  ;  and 
then,  his  manner  testified  to  his  sorrow  that  duty 
demanded  such  a  severe  treatment,  and  showed  that 
he  was  led  by  love,  and  not  in  anger,  to  warn  the 
wanderer. 

As  may  be  expected,  the  labors  of  Mr.  Abeel,  in 
this  place,  were  attended  with  the  blessing  of  God. 
There  never  was  any  season  of  great  excitement, 
but  the  power  of  truth  manifested  itself  rather  in 
the   continual   spirit  of  inquiry,  and   constant   in- 


24  iMEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

gathering  of  members  to  the  church.  Almost  from 
the  very  commencement  of  his  labors,  good  effects 
were  visible.  Audiences  increased  in  size  and  so- 
lemnity, and  many  were  brought  to  a  knowledge 
of  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus,  who  never  before  had 
experienced  the  influence  of  religion  on  their  lives 
in  any  way.  He  often  mentions  in  his  diary,  the 
pleasant  state  of  religious  feehng  among  his  people. 

*'  September  5,  1826. — Thus  far  I  have  been  en- 
gaged in  the  duties  of  my  avocation.  From  all  that 
I  can  learn,  the  state  of  things  is  becoming  interest- 
ing. There  appear  to  be  a  number  under  great  con- 
cern of  mind.  This  evening  we  had  a  solemn 
meeting.  The  Lord  assisted  me,  and  I  was  happy 
to  see  a  number  there,  who  a  short  time  since,  of  all 
others,  appeared  the  most  profane  and  abandoned.'' 

*'  October  22. — This  afternoon  I  conversed  with  a 
young  convert,  who  appears  to  be  very  joyful.  She 
thought  that  my  previous  conversation  with  her 
had,  through  the  effectual  application  of  the  Spirit, 
led  her  to  where  Christ  had  found  her." 

^'November  11. — This  week  I  have  been  engaged 
at  my  usual  labors,  and  am  pleased  to  find  that  the 
Lord  blesses  such  an  unworthy  servant.  Lectured 
on  Wednesday  evening,  after  which,  held  the  anx- 
ious meeting,  and  found  a  number  of  new  cases. 
Every  day,  almost,  brings  some  news  to  my  ears  on 
this  joyful  subject.  The  Lord  is  evidently  among 
us.  Some  of  those  who  before  were  impressed, 
profess  to  have  a  hope.  Others,  who  at  first 
mocked,  are  brought  under  concern  of  mind — the 
cases  are  principally  confined  to  females.     To-mor- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  25 

row  I  administer  the  Sacrament  of  the  Supper  for 
the  -first  time.  I  trust  the  Lord  will  be  with  us. 
I  have  been  distressed  on  account  of  my  want  of 
humility.  I  have  not  those  feelings  which  I  desire, 
although  the  Lord,  I  think,  gave  me  more  enlarge- 
ment in  prayer  to-night,  than  ever  in  this  place." 

*'  March  11,  1827. — The  Lord  continues  the  gra- 
cious operations  of  his  Spirit.  Since  I  last  wrote 
there  have  been  apparently  some  conversions,  and 
the  solemnity  appears  at  present  very  encouraging. 
To-day  I  was  strengthened  to  preach  with  consider- 
able feeling.  My  mind  and  soul  were  drawn  out  in 
prayer  more  than  usual,  and  I  have  reason  to  trust 
that  good  has  been  done.  Many  of  the  Christians 
appear  sanguine  in  their  expectations  of  a  great 
shaking ;  their  hearts  have  been  drawn  out  partic- 
ularly in  behalf  of  some  of  the  men.  Oh,  that  God 
would  save  them,  and  bring  them  up  to  his  help 
against  the  mighty.  There  are  seasons  when  my 
spirits  flag ;  not  that  I  am  gloomy,  but  feel  languid. 
I  have  reason  to  think  that  this  is  owing  to  morbid 
sensibility  in  the  digestive  organs ;  and  my  impres- 
sion is,  that  I  would  feel  more  deeply  and  constantly 
engaged,  were  it  not  for  this  species  of  bodily  dis- 
ease. I  hope  not  to  mistake  animal  excitement  for 
true  piety,  nor  to  distrust  when  not  excited.  Oh 
that  my  faith  was  exceedingly  firm,  and  every  grace 
in  lively  and  vigorous  exercise." 

"  March  25. — I  have  great  reason  to  be  thank- 
ful and  encouraged,  in  view  of  the  success  of  my 
labors.  Since  I  have  been  here,  twenty  have  united 
themselves  to  the  church,  on  the  confession  of  their 
2 


26  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

faith.  In  the  commencement  of  the  past  week  my 
feelings  for  lost  sinners  rose  to  a  degree  of  agony. 
The  burden  of  my  prayer  is,  that  God  would  bring 
in  those  who  will  be  useful  in  his  service." 

The  fruits  of  Mr.  Abeel's  labors  were  not  re- 
stricted to  the  awakeninor  and  conversion  of  sinners, 
but  their  good  effect  was  also  manifested  in  the  up- 
building of  the  body  of  Christ  in  faith  and  knowl- 
edge, and  the  elevation  of  the  standard  of  personal 
piety.  One  fact  has  often  been  repeated  to  the 
writer,  and  it  testifies  the  faithfulness,  care,  and  de- 
votion of  this  servant  of  Christ.  Not  one  of  all 
the  number  who  joined  during  his  ministry  in  the 
place,  ever  returned  to  the  beggarly  elements  of 
the  world.  Twenty  years  have  elapsed,  and  those 
who  have  not  been  called  away  by  death,  still  re- 
main firm  in  doctrine  and  practice,  and  zealous  sup- 
porters of  religious  truth.  Thus  did  God  graciously 
own  and  bless  his  exertions. 

But  although  he  labored  so  faithfully  among  his 
own  people,  and  manifested  the  greatest  interest 
and  anxiety  in  behalf  of  their  spiritual  condition,  his 
efforts  for  the  promotion  of  his  Savior's  glory  were 
not  confined  to  them. 

He  was  eminently  catholic  in  his  views  of  Chris- 
tian intercourse,  and  he  delighted  to  go  whitherso- 
ever his  services  as  a  preacher  of  truth  were  needed. 
He  spent  as  much  time  as  he  could  consistently  with 
his  first  duty  to  his  own  charge,  in  visiting  the 
neighboring  congregations,  and  especially  those  in 
which  there  were  special  indications  of  God's  pres- 
ence.    His   assistance  was  eagerly   sought  for  on 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  27 

these  occasions,  and  readily  given  ;  and  he  often 
returned  from  such  services  refreshed  by  the  signs 
of  God's  presence,  and  encouraged  to  more  earnest 
endeavors  and  prayer  for  his  own  flock.  He  thus 
records  the  fact  that  he  engaged  in  these  extra  la- 
bors, and  speaks  of  the  pleasure  derived  from  them. 

^'January  29,  1827. — Agreeably  to  arrangement, 
my  brother  Chester  and  myself  started  on  Monday 
morning  of  last  week  for  Canaan,  the  scene  of  a  re- 
vival. We  arrived  there  towards  evening,  and 
attended  a  meeting  appointed  for  prayer ;  in  which, 
in  compliance  with  the  solicitations  of  the  pastor 
and  others,  I  delivered  a  lecture.  I  remained  there 
until  Friday  morning,  and  was  engaged  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  time  in  visiting,  holding  small 
prayer-meetings,  and  preaching.  I  preached  every 
evening  in  the  week,  except  one  ;  the  meetings  were 
well  attended,  and  exceedingly  solemn.  My  own 
spirit  has  been  refreshed,  and  I  sincerely  hope  the 
souls  of  others  benefited  :  the  Lord  assisted  me  m 
my  exercises,  and,  I  trust,  applied  the  word  by  his 
Spirit  to  the  souls  of  those  present. 

''May,  1827.— The  last  Sabbath  I  spent  at  Scho- 
dack  and  Stuyvesant.  Preached  three  times,  and 
rode  nearly  twenty  miles.  On  Monday  I  visited 
Kinderhook,  where  I  had  been  informed  that  there 
were  convincing  evidences  of  God's  presence  and 
power.  My  spirit  was  greatly  refreshed.  I  was 
pleased  to  find  that  the  children  of  God  were  earn- 
est in  prayer.  Preached  on  Monday  and  Tuesday 
evenings.    The  Lor^  was  with  me,  and  strengthened 


28  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

me  for  the  services.     While  there,  I  spent  the  days 
in  visiting  and  conversing  with  those  whom  1  met.'* 

*'June  10. — Two  weeks  have  elapsed  since  I 
have  written.  During  that  time  I  trust  much  good 
has  been  done.  Besides  my  usual  labors  at  home, 
I  have  been  engaged  more  than  a  week  at  Kinder- 
hook.  My  time  was  spent  in  visiting  all  day,  and 
preaching  and  lecturing  in  the  evening.  I  sincerely 
hope,  that,  at  the  judgment,  it  will  be  found  that 
these  labors  were  not  in  vain  in  the  Lord.  There 
are  many  who  express  much  anxiety  concerning  the 
salvation  of  their  souls.  In  almost  every  house  in 
the  village  there  appear  to  be  either  uncommon 
solemnity,  or  impressions  of  their  lost  state.  I  visited 
almost  every  family,  and  was  strengthened  and  em- 
boldened to  converse  freely  with  those  whom  I  saw. 
My  heart  was  warmed,  and  I  felt,  and  still  feel,  deeply 
interested  for  that  people.  What  will  be  the  result 
God  alone  knows.  The  appearances  now  are  very 
favorable,  and  it  is  the  hope  of  His  people  that  many 
souls  may  be  gathered  in  the  fold  of  the  Great  Shep- 
herd. I  have  great  reason  to  bless  the  Lord  that  he 
will  deign  to  acknowledge  so  weak  an  instrument  as 
I  am  ;  and,  Oh,  that  such  great  and  unmerited  favors 
might  abase  me  in  the  dust  at  his  footstool.  I  am 
exceedingly  unworthy  of  his  favorable  notice,  and 
especially  of  such  signal  acts  of  his  mercy." 

Thus  did  he  display  that  spirit  which  afterwards  led 
him  to  leave  all,  and  consider  the  world  as  the  field  of 
his  exertions  for  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  good  of  souls. 

We  have  now  spoken  of  him  only  in  reference  to 
his  labors  for  the  souls  of  others.    But  it  must  not  be 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  29 

concluded  that,  in  their  muUiphcity,  he  neglected  his 
own  spiritual  interests.  If  this  had  been  the  case,  he 
never  would  have  been  so  successful  in  his  ministry ; 
for  these  things  come  not,  save  by  fasting  and  prayer, 
and  full  personal  consecration  to  the  sfervice  of  God. 
We  again  quote  from  his  private  diary,  to  show  how 
earnestly  he  strove  after  the  spirit  of  his  Master,  and 
fought  against  the  corruptions  of  the  flesh.  The 
extracts  are  illustrations  of  the  fact  so  often  observed, 
that  the  true  children  of  God  can  see  none  so  vile  as 
themselves  ;  and  that  the  symmetry  of  their  Christian 
character  consists  in  their  spirit  of  consecration,  their 
care  and  anxiety  in  the  great  warfare,  and  their  de- 
sire to  keep  themselves  ''  unspotted  from  the  world." 
His  exercises  were  doubtless  much  deepened  by  an 
afflictive  dispensation,  which  occurred  a  few  months 
after  his  settlement  at  Athens.  His  youngest  sister 
died  in  the  flower  of  her  youth,  and  although  she  ap- 
peared well  prepared  for  her  change,  yet  the  loss  to 
him  was  great.     He  thus  notices  the  event : 

"  Oct.  22,  1836. — I  received  a  letter  on  Friday, 
stating  that  my  dear  sister  .Joanna  had  left  this  world 
of  sin  and  sorrow,  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  Oct. 
18th.  I  feel  sorrowful,  and  yet  can  say,  '  The  Lord 
gave,'  &c.  I  trust,  and  think,  that  her  soul  is  in 
heaven,  and  that  I  shall  soon  meet  her  again.  Oh, 
that  this  afflictive  dispensation  may  be  sanctified  to 
my  soul.  I  am  a  poor  sinner,  and  need  the  chas- 
tising hand  of  God  upon  me.  I  feel  very  anxious 
that  it  may  be  sanctified  to  all  the  family.  Oh,  that 
the  Lord  would  convert  every  member." 

"  Oct.  29. — I  often  think  of  dear  Joanna — can 


30  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

scarcely  realize  that  she  has  left  us — and  yet  can 
give  her  up.     I  trust  that  she  is  with  her  Jesus." 

The  following  are  extracts  from  different  parts  of 
his  diary  during  this  period  : 

''November'  19. — My  mind  has  been  in  its  usual 
frame.  At  times  I  feel  as  if  I  really  had  the  spirit 
of  prayer,  and  then  again  I  cannot,  or  rather  do  not 
possess  those  exercises.  I  am  still  reaching  at  some- 
thing which  I.  have  never  attained.  I  wish  to  be 
emptied  of  self,  to  feel  my  entire  dependence  on  God, 
and  to  realize  that  I  am  nothing.  I  wish  to  know 
that  I  have  the  purest  motive  in  wishing  the  blessing 
of  God  upon  my  labors.  Oh,  that  the  Lord  would 
purify  my  heart.  I  desire  to  enjoy  the  continual 
presence  of  my  Saviour,  and  especially  do  I  wish  to 
have  that  compassion  for  lost  souls,  which  will  lead 
me  to  give  God  no  rest  until  he  pour  out  his  Spirit 
upon  them.  Oh,  that  I  might  have  all  the  qualifi- 
cations of  a  devoted,  useful,  approved  steward.  I 
sometimes  am  troubled  with  doubts,  and  fear  that  I 
may  be  deceived.  Oh,  that  God  would  forbid,  that 
while  preaching  to  others,  I  myself  should  be  a  cast- 
away." 

^'December  31. — This  day  closes  another  year,  and 
Oh,  that  I  could  add,  everything  that  has  the  appear- 
ance of  lethargy  and  sin  in  me.  When  I  look  back 
to  the  close  of  the  last  year,  and  compare  myself 
with  my  situation  at  that  time,  I  scarcely  know  what 
to  say.  I  think  that  this  year  has  been  partially 
spent  with  some  degree  of  devotedness  to  God's 
service.  I  have  enjoyed  pleasant  seasons,  labored 
more  for  the  Lord  than  ever,  and,  blessed  be  his 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  81 

name,  he  has  crowned  my  weak  exertions  with  his 
blessing.  If  my  heart  deceive  me  not,  my  chief  joy 
is  found  in  those  services  which  God  requires,  and 
particularly  in  knowing  that  the  work  of  the  Lord 
prospers  in  my  hand.  But,  alas !  there  have  been 
seasons  when  my  soul  has  been  distressed  on  account 
of  the  strength  of  indwelling  corruption.  Unhal- 
lowed principles  remain  to  be  mortified.  I  must 
endeavor  to  guard  every  avenue  and  avoid  every 
temptation." 

''January  29,  1827. — Yesterday  I  preached  as 
usual.  The  Lord  was  with  me,  and  I  trust  I  felt 
the  influences  of  his  Spirit.  My  feelings  were,  and 
have  been  for  some  days  much  excited.  In  prayer, 
I  have  seldom,  if  ever,  realized  that  solemnity,  hu- 
mility, and  awe,  which  I  have  lately  felt.  I  think  I 
know  from  experience  the  meaning  of  that  passage, 
which  speaks  of  the  Spirit  '  making  intercession  for 
us  with  groanings  which  cannot  be  uttered.'  The 
salvation  of  souls  weighs  as  a  heavy  burden  upon 
my  spirits,  and  when  I  attempt  to  pray  for  them, 
my  feelings  are  at  times  too  big  for  utterance.  I 
have  been  particularly  interested  for  the  spiritual 
welfare  of  my  dear  relatives.  That  which  has 
greatly  conduced  to  this  tenderness  of  feeling,  is  a 
piece  which  I  read  in  my  religious  paper,  represent- 
ing the  dream  of  an  individual  in  regard  to  the 
damnation  of  one  who  ministered  in  holy  things, 
and  who  had  the  appearance  of  exemplary  piety 
and  devotedness  in  the  cause  of  Christ. 

"  I  often  call  in  question  my  motives  ;  and  my  ear- 
nest prayer  and  deep  anxiety  have  been,  that  God, 


32  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

in  infinite  mercy,  would  deliver  me  from  unhallowed 
principles,  and  make  me  perfectly  willing  to  be  es- 
teemed a  fool  for  Christ's  sake.  I  wish  to  be  actu- 
ated by  a  strong  desire  to  promote  the  glory  of  God 
in  the  salvation  of  my  fellow-men.  I  wish  to  have 
not  the  least  concern  to  obtain  the  favor  of  men, 
only  as  far  as  the  glory  of  God  may  be  advanced. 
My  fear  often  is,  that  after  preaching  to  others,  and 
having  even  seals  to  my  ministry,  I  myself  njay  be  a 
castaway.  May  God,  of  his  unmerited  kindness,  for- 
bid it." 

''February  19. — I  have  been  endeavoring  this  af- 
ternoon, to  obtain  the  spirit  of  fervent  agonizing 
prayer,  but  my  efforts  have  been  unavailing.  My 
heart  really  appeared  as  insensible  as  the  rock ;  and 
this  is  one  great  cause  of  my  distress,  that  I  cannot 
have  those  awakening  views  of  eternal  realities, 
which  are  deeply  impressed  on  the  minds  of  some  of 
God's  people.  If  I  know  my  own  heart,  I  wish  to 
feel  more  deeply  for  poor  sinners ;  that  I  may  pray 
with  more  earnestness,  and  preach  with  more  im- 
pressiveness.  Oh,  that  God  would  qualify  me  for  the 
responsible  office  which  I  occupy,  and  make  me  re- 
gardless of  everything  but  the  promotion  of  his  glory." 

"  August  24. — This  day  I  have  set  apart  as  a  day 
of  fasting ;  and  I  sincerely  hope  that  it  may  prove 
a  day  of  deep  humiliation,  and  fervent  prayer.  A 
view  of  the  corruption  of  my  heart,  has,  for  some 
time  past,  filled  my  mind  with  doubts  and  fear.  My 
object  to-day  is,  to  humble  myself  before  my  much- 
abused  and  neglected  Saviour;  to  implore  him  for 
the  eflfusions  of  his  Spirit,  that  I  may  feel  more  emi- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  33 

nently  devoted,  more  earnestly  engaged  in  his  sacred 
cause,  and  less  troubled  with  those  temptations  and 
sins  v^hich  have  been  mentioned.  May  the  day  be 
more  profitably  spent  than  any  preceding  period  of 
my  life." 

"  December  23. — My  health  still  feeble,  but  my 
mind  composed  and  solemn.  I  have  been  strength- 
ened to  preach  as  usual.  The  subjects  selected 
w^ere  the  most  savory  and  nourishing  food  for  the 
Christian — *  Who  is  he  that  condemneth  ?'  &c. ;  and 
*  Nay,  in  all  things  we  are  more  than  conquerors, 
through  him  that  loved  us.'  I  was  strengthened,  I 
trust,  in  the  inner  man,  and  made  to  rejoice  in  God 
my  Saviour.  Oh,  what  a  Saviour!  How  admirably 
adapted  to  the  circumstances  and  wants  of  his  peo- 
ple. I  mourn  that  I  do  not  love  him  more.  It  dis- 
tresses me  to  find  that  any  object  can  produce  as 
lively  emotions  in  my  bosom,  as  the  mere  mention 
of  his  name.  I  often  feel  inexcusable  for  not  real- 
izing the  strongest  possible  affection  at  every  thought 
of  my  beloved  Saviour.  To  love  him  with  feel- 
ings which  none  of  God's  creatures  can  awaken  in 
my  heart,  has  been  my  effort ;  and  I  sincerely  hope 
shall  be  my  invaluable  attainment.  I  have  long 
cherished  the  pleasing  idea  of  loving  him  with  ar- 
dent, nay,  supreme  affection  ;  but  I  have  regretted 
that  I  was  obliged  to  deduce  this  opinion,  rather 
from  the  general  bent  of  my  inclinations  and  tenor 
of  my  actions,  than  the  unwavering  feelings  of  my 
heart.  When  this  love  is  more  sensibly  realized, 
than  the  emotions  produced  by  the  combined  charms 
of  the  most  excellent  and  estimable  creatures  in 


34  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

existence,  I  shall  then  be  prepared  to  deny  myself 
everything,  take  up  my  cross,  and,  without  a  pang, 
nay,  with  exceeding  joy,  follow  him  to  the  most  dis- 
tant and  unpleasant  parts  of  the  earth.  Then  shall 
I  be  qualified  to  become  a  missionary,  and,  if  neces- 
sary, a  martyr  to  the  truth  of  his  religion.  My  heart 
has  been  touched  with  compassion  for  the  ungodly 
in  this  place,  and  my  prayer  to  God  is  that  they  may 
be  saved." 

*'  December  30. — In  the  review  of  the  past  day,  I 
feel  like  expressing  my  grateful  acknowledgments  to 
the  Lord  for  the  communications  of  his  Spirit.  1 
do  not  recollect  when  I  have  been  more  deeply  hum- 
bled in  view  of  the  depravity  of  my  heart.  I  have 
again  had  such  an  insight  into  its  deceitfulness  and 
desperate  wickedness,  that  I  feel  unworthy  of  lifting 
mine  eyes  to  heaven.  It  appears  to  me  that,  if  a 
child  of  God,  I  am  less  than  the  least  of  all  saints ; 
and  I  am  frequently  led  to  doubt  whether  the  prin- 
ciples of  corruption  could  be  so  vigorous  in  their 
operation,  if  '  the  law  of  the  Spirit  of  life  in  Christ 
Jesus,  had  made  me  free  from  the  law  of  sin  and 
death.'  The  fear  of  impure  and  selfish  motives 
checks  my  exertions,  and  even  straitens  me  in  my 
prayers.  I  have  seen  so  much  of  the  pride  of  my 
heart,  that  I  often  fear  that  I  have  never  done  any- 
thing for  God.  Even  when  I  feel  most  engaged, 
and  preach  and  pray  with  the  greatest  earnestness, 
I  am  led  to  question  my  motives,  and  distrust  all  my 
exercises." 

"  January  27, 1828. — This  day  I  trust  that  I  have 
enjoyed  *  peace  in  believing.'  I  have  been  refreshed 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  35 

and  edified,  by  reading  the  memoirs  of  that  devoted 
servant  of  Christ,  David  Brainard.  I  think  my  ex- 
perience accords  in  a  measure  with  his,  while  I  feel 
condemned  at  the  vast  disproportion  in  holiness  and 
activity  of  life.  My  mind  for  a  considerable  time 
has  been  much  impressed  with  the  wonderful  conde- 
scension of  God  in  the  whole  work  of  Redemption. 
The  theme  is,  at  times,  so  presented  as  to  absorb  all 
its  powers.  When  I  think  of  the  majesty  of  the 
Godhead,  illustrated  in  the  possession  of  absolute 
perfections,  and  displayed  in  his  sovereignty  over 
numerous  worlds — and  when  I  contrast  this  with  his 
strange  dealings  towards  the  degraded  and  hell- 
deserving  children  of  men, — I  am  lost  in  profound 
and  adoring  w^onder.  I  enter  into  the  exercises  of 
the  Psalmist,  when  he  contemplated  the  heavens, 
and  asked  '  What  is  man  ?'  The  doctrines  of  God's 
sovereignty,  discriminating  grace,  &c.,  are  often  im- 
pressed upon  my  mind  with  peculiar  power.  While 
my  heart  bleeds  for  the  multitude  of  impenitent  sin- 
ners around  me,  I  cannot  but  ask,  '  Who  hath  made 
me  to  differ  ?'  What  wondrous  love !  That  one  so 
unworthy  as  I  should  have  been  loved  with  ever- 
lasting love,  is  sufficient  to  awaken  every  sensibility 
of  my  soul.  If  I  mistake  not,  the  frequent  contem- 
plation of  this  theme  has  had  a  sanctifying  influence 
on  my  heart.  While  it  leads  me  to  such  views  of 
myself  as  humble  my  soul,  it  fills  my  heart  with 
emotions  of  sincere  gratitude." 

These  ai'e  the  breathings  of  a  soul  ardent  in  its 
pursuit  after  high  attainments  of  piety,  and  devoted 
to  a  life  of  holiness.     They  show  that  he  had  already 


36  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

learned  much  of  the  depravity  of  his  heart,  and  was 
unwilling  to  trust  it,  even  in  its  highest  spiritual  ex- 
ercises and  enjoyment,  lest  he  should  make  a  false 
estimate  of  his  Christian  character.  It  was  the 
study  of  his  life  to  know  himself;  to  understand  his 
own  heart,  and  realize  the  depths  of  his  own  vile- 
ness.  This  knowledge  formed  the  secret  of  his  suc- 
cess in  unfolding  to  view  the  depravity  of  others, 
and  teaching  them  the  great  practical  truths  of 
Christianity.  This  enabled  him  to  guide  other 
Christians  in  their  course,  and  build  them  up  in 
their  most  holy  faith.  His  experience,  even  at  this 
early  stage  of  ministerial  labor,  was  of  no  ordinary 
character;  for  he  was  unwilUng  to  be  contented 
with  ordinary  attainments.  And  as  was  before  ob- 
served, his  ministerial  course  at  the  place  of  his  set- 
tlement derived  its  influence,  in  a  good  degree,  from 
the  force  of  his  example,  from  his  sincerity  and  de- 
votedness,  and  the  consistency  of  his  Christian  life. 
Even  to  this  day,  the  remembrance  of  his  character 
exerts  an  influence  over  those  with  whom  he  spent 
the  first  years  of  his  ministry ;  and  they  delight  to 
honor  his  memory,  and  recall  to  mind  his  holy  walk 
and  conversation. 

His  labors  at  Athens  lasted  two  years  and  six 
months.  His  incessant  exertions,  operating  on  a 
feeble  frame,  soon  produced  its  effects  ;  and  he  be- 
came so  great  a  sufferer  from  disease,  that  he  was 
at  last  forced  to  leave  his  charge,  and  seek  relief  in 
travelling,  and  in  a  change  of  air  and  scene.  It 
was  a  severe  trial  for  him  to  leave  the  people  of  his 
first  afTection  ;  but  it  was  in  some  degree  mitigated 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  37 

by  the  views  which  he  already  entertained  in  regard 
to  missionary  labor,  and  which  reconciled  him  to  the 
dissolution  of  his  connection  with  the  church  of 
Athens. 

He  did  not  leave  this  place,  however,  until  he  had 
sought  and  found  one  who  might  supply  the  vacancy, 
and  break  to  his  people  the  bread  of  life.  He  says : 
"  Before  I  leave  Athens  I  feel  very  anxious  to  see  a 
faithful  brother  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  this 
station  :  then  I  shall  depart  in  peace."  Having  ac- 
complished this  labor  of  love  to  his  own  satisfaction 
and  that  of  the  congregation,  he  bade  them  farewell ; 
desirous  of  renewing  his  health  by  a  cessation  from 
labors,  and  ready  to  go  whithersoever  the  Lord 
might  guide  him  as  a  missionary  of  the  cross.  His 
experience  as  respects  his  duty  to  the  heathen  is  so 
interesting,  even  from  its  very  commencement,  and 
so  important  in  the  development  of  his  character 
and  future  course,  that  although  it  commences  during 
his  labors  at  Athens,  yet  it  will  be  more  profitable  to 
present  it  continuously ;  for  it  may  be  said  that  after 
the  relinquishment  of  his  pastoral  charge,  his  mis- 
sionary life  commenced. 

The  day  of  final  account  will  show  the  results  of 
his  labors  in  this,  the  commencement  of  his  ministr}'', 
and  his  only  pastoral  charge.  Doubtless  he  has  met 
many  in  the  upper  sanctuary,  whom  he  could  pre- 
sent to  God  as  the  fruits  of  those  labors,  as  his  spir- 
itual children  and  the  crowns  of  his  rejoicing. 


CHAPTER    III. 

The  work  of  preaching  the  Gospel  to  the  heathen 
is  so  arduous,  and  calls  for  so  much  self-sacrifice, 
that  no  one  who  views  it  aright  would  undertake  it 
without  much  reflection  and  prayer.  It  requires 
no  small  share  of  moral  courage,  and  contempt  for 
personal  considerations,  to  lead  any  man  to  engage 
in  its  labors  and  privations.  The  amount  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  strength  which  will  enable  one  to 
preach  the  Gospel  in  opposition  to  the  force  and  in- 
sults of  heathenism,  and  to  bear  up  under  the  mul- 
tiplied cares  and  vicissitudes  of  missionary  life, 
would  be  sufficient  to  secure  for  him  a  high  posi- 
tion in  the  Church,  in  an  enlightened  Christian  com- 
munity. He  who  would  be  a  faithful  missionary  of 
the  cross,  must  expect  to  endure  the  loss  of  all 
things  ;  walking  in  the  footsteps  of  his  Master,  by 
partaking  of  his  sufferings,  and,  if  necessary,  by  seal- 
ing the  truth  with  his  own  blood.  Or,  if  he  is  not 
called  to  anticipate  such  a  conclusion  to  his  course, 
he  must,  from  the  very  commencement,  relinquish 
all  worldly  prospects  ;  and,  leaving  his  kindred,  per- 
form his  labors  and  meet  his  difficulties  alone. 
Surely  no  one  could  entertain  ideas  of  joining  this 
self-sacrificing    band   of   God's    servants,   withoul 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  39 

counting  the  cost,  and   seeking  the  light  of  God's 
Spirit  to  unfold  clearly  the  path  of  duty. 

David  Abeel  was  not  of  that  cast  of  character 
which  would  lead  him  to  rush  impetuously  into  any 
important  undertaking,  although,  after  he  had  deter- 
mined his  course,  his  energy  and  moral  courage 
would  cause  him  to  persevere  even  to  the  end.  For 
a  long  time  he  reflected  on  his  duty,  and  made  it  a 
subject  of  special  supplication  to  his  Master.  He 
used  every  means  to  enlighten  his  mind  in  regard 
to  the  claims  of  the  heathen. 

He  collected  missionary  intelligence  with  eager- 
ness, and  perused  prayerfully  the  memoirs  of  those 
who  had  devoted  themselves  to  this  work.  The  life 
of  Henry  Martyn,  which  he  studied  with  care  from 
the  time  of  his  first  impressions  in  regard  to  the  mis- 
sionary work,  is  still  preserved;  and  it  bears  the 
marks  of  his  pencil,  designating  every  paragraph  of 
peculiar  interest. 

But  some  extracts  from  his  diary,  will  show  how 
faithfully,  and  at  the  same  time  how  cautiously,  he 
sought  to  obtain  correct  views  on  this  subject. 

''March  29,  1827. — I  have  thought  whether  thel 
Lord  is  not  preparing  me,  b}^  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances under  which  I  am  placed,  for  a  scene  of  labor 
far  from  home  and  friends.  I  can  only  say,  in  the 
possibility  of  the  event,  that  I  have  no  inclination  to 
urge  a  single  objection ;  but  if  the  Lord  prepare  the 
way  and  make  the  inquiry,  I  hope  with  the  Prophet 
to  reply,  'Here  am  I,  send  me.'  I  know  the  difficul- 
ties attending  the  life  of  a  missionary  in  foreign 
lands,  and  I  presume  that  I  am  treating  the  subject 


40  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

more  as  a  dream,  than  anything  which  shall  take 
f  place.  I  often  think  that  something  is  preparing  in 
Divine  Providence,  of  which  I  have  no  present  con- 
ception. 

"  April  9. — Spent  part  of  the  day  in  reading  the 
life  of  that  man  of  God,  Henry  Marty n ;  an  admira- 
ble character.  The  dreams  of  heathen  countries 
and  missionary  labors  often  possess  my  imagination  ; 
though,  while  God  continues  to  bless  my  labors,  I 
must  remain  in  the  field  of  my  present  exertions." 

"  October  28,  1827. — My  mind,  for  some  time  past. 
has  been  in  a  state  of  great  agitation.  The  subject 
which  has  often  exercised  it,  has  been  impressed 
with  more  than  usual  solemnity.  I  refer  to  foreign 
missions.  When  in  the  seminary,  my  attention 
was  awakened  to  this  subject ;  and  ever  since,  it 
has  been  a  matter  of  the  deepest  interest  to  me.  I 
think  the  intelligence  from  the  Sandwich  Islands 
was  the  instrumental  cause  of  enlisting  my  feelings 
in  behalf  of  this  important  object.  Since  I  have 
been  at  Athens,  my  mind  has  been  frequently  and 
seriously  exercised  in  relation  to  my  duty  on  this 
subject.  Often  have  I  conversed  with  my  friends, 
often  has  the  feeble  voice  of  my  petition  ascended 
to  God  for  the  direction  of  his  Spirit. 

"  So  deeply  have  my  feelings  been  enlisted  at  the 
consideration  of  becoming  a  foreign  missionary,  that 
I  have  feared  that  these  thoughts  were  the  sugges- 
'  lions  of  Satan,  to  take  my  attention  from  present 
labors.  Thus,  for  years  has  my  mind  been  exer- 
cised, at  longer  or  shorter  intervals.  Sometimes  I 
have  almost  relinquished  the  idea,  at  the  considera- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  41 

tion  of  becoming  more  useful  in  some  other  sphere 
of  labor ;  but  though  there  have  been  a  variety  of 
plans,  and  all  generally  disconnected  from  a  perma- 
nent settlement,  yet  that  of  becoming  a  missionary 
among  the  heathen  has  been  the  subject  of  my  most 
frequent  meditations  and  prayers. 

"  November  2. — This  day  I  have  set  apart  as  a  sea- 
son of  prayer,  and  fasting,  and  for  the  consideration 
of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  going  on  a  foreign  mis- 
sion, or  remaining  in  this  country.  My  object  has 
been  to  ascertain,  with  strict  impartiality,  the  cir- 
cumstances which  induce  me  to  believe  that  the 
Lord  designs  me  for  the  work  ;  and  those  which  are 
calculated  to  convince  me  that  this  is  not  the  sphere 
of  my  labor  ;  and  after  determining,  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible, to  submit  the  final  decision  to  Him,  in  whose 
hands  are  the  hearts  of  all  men.  With  regard  to  my 
exercises  on  the  subject — for  years  I  have  been  oc- 
casionally impressed  with  its  importance.  I  have 
long  cherished  the  thought,  that  the  Lord  was  open- 
ing the  way  for  my  labors  in  heathen  lands.  Often 
have  I  been  induced  to  present  this  subject  before 
the  Lord,  and  beg  the  direction  of  his  Spirit.  Long 
has  the  intelligence  of  missionary  labors  and  suffer- 
ings been  regarded  with  the  deepest  interest.  In 
general  I  have  had  no  desire  to  be  permanently  set- 
tled, no  inclination  to  be  encumbered  with  a  family. 
At  present,  my  mind  is  entirely  willing  to  leave  all 
my  friends ;  and  live,  and  labor,  and  suffer,  and  die 
in  a  land  of  strangers.  My  fears  arise  from  not  be- 
ing able  to  determine  with  precision  the  great  ob- 
ject which  at  first   awakened   these   feelings,  and 


43  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

brought  my  mind  to  its  present  frame.  I  distrust 
my  motives.  Another  objection  arises,  from  having 
my  mind  occasionally  diverted  from  this  subject  to 
other  spheres  of  labor." 

The  difficulties  which  lay  in  the  way  of  his  devot- 
ing himself  to  the  foreign  work,  were  peculiar  and 
delicate.  He  was  the  only  son  of  his  parents,  whom 
God  had  spared  to  them.  They  were  already  in  the 
decline  of  life,  and  depended  on  him  as  their  earthly 
prop.  They  could  not  readily  enter  into  his  views 
in  regard  to  duty ;  for  it  is  hard  for  a  mother  to  give 
up  a  beloved  object  of  affection,  or  for  a  father  to 
consent  that  his  child,  the  son  of  his  old  age,  should 
depart  to  climes  so  distant,  that  he  might  not  hope 
again  to  meet  him  in  this  world.  He  went  again 
and  again  from  his  field  of  labor  to  his  father's 
house,  to  reason  with  his  parents  and  friends,  and 
prevail  on  them  to  consent  to  his  wishes. 

He  recorded  his  resolution  in  December,  1827, 
to  offer  himself  to  the  American  Board  the  ensuing 
spring,  but  it  was  a  resolution  made  with  much  fear 
and  trembling.  His  affection  for  his  kindred  was 
deep  and  abiding,  and  it  increased  in  view  of  his 
departing  from  the  land  and  home  of  his  fathers. 
But  his  chief  fear  was,  that  he  had  decided  to  en- 
gage in  missionary  labor  from  some  improper  mo- 
tive. 

"Februa?y  2,  1828.~For  some  weeks  past  my 
mind  has  been  considerably  exercised,  in  respect  to 
the  motives  which  governed  me  in  determining  on 
the  life  of  a  missionary.  I  have  thought  that  perhaps 
an  indisposition  to  close  mental  application,  or  some 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  43 

Other  purely  selfish  principle,  may  have  induced  me 
to  decide  on  the  measure.  And  hence  my  prayer 
has  been,  that  the  Lord  would  prevent  me  in  his 
providence  from  going  to  heathen  lands,  if  I  have 
not  been  called  to  the  work ;  or  from  remaining  at 
home,  if  it  be  his  will  that  I  should  embark  in  this 
lofty  and  responsible  enterprise.  The  consideration 
that  God  reigns — that  Jesus  holds  the  stars  in  his 
right  hand — tliat  even  the  great  apostle  of  the  Gen- 
tiles was  hindered  from  going  where  he  purposed — 
and  particularly,  that  if  I  commit  my  way  unto  the 
Lord,  he  will  direct  my  steps — have  afforded  me  un- 
speakable consolation,  and  greatly  relieved  my  mind 
from  that  distressing  anxiety  on  the  subject  which  I 
have  experienced." 

But  he  w^as  not  deterred  by  these  considerations 
from  the  performance  of  his  duty.  He  says,  "  while 
I  am  sorrowful,  my  determination  is  still  unshaken 
to  make  any  sacrifice,  and  labor  in  any  capacity,  if 
by  these  means  I  may  be  instrumental  of  good  in 
the  Redeemer's  kingdom."  His  spirits  soon  recov- 
ered their  usual  serenity  :  he  writes — 

''December  13,  1827. — Since  I  last  wrote,  my 
mind  has  been  composed  and  cheerful,  in  view  of 
the  great  subject  with  which  it  has  been  absorbed. 
I  find  that  the  depression  of  spirits  with  which  I  was 
afflicted,  arose  from  a  dependence  for  comfort  and 
happiness  on  created  objects,  rather  than  the  great 
source  of  spiritual  consolation ;  and  hence  I  have 
been  endeavoring  to  cultivate  that  disposition  of 
soul  which  is  delightfully  expressed  in  the  language 
of  the  devoted  Psalmist,  '  Whom  have  I  in  heaven 


44  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

but  thee,  and  there  is  none  upon  the  earth  that  I 
desire  beside  thee.'  I  have  arrived  at  the  conclu- 
sion, and  doubtless  facts  will  confirm  it,  that  a  mis- 
sionary is  of  all  men  most  miserable,  without  pos- 
sessing an  elevated  tone  of  pious  feeling.  As  he 
takes  the  last  look  of  all  that  is  dear  on  earth,  the 
bitterness  of  death  will  seize  hold  of -him  if  he  cannot 
realize  the  reviving  truth  that  his  best  and  most  be- 
loved Friend  is  with  him,  and  will  never  leave  nor 
forsake  him.  I  pray  the  Lord  that  this  may  be  my 
consolation  in  every  time  of  trial." 

It  was  at  this  time,  that  his  health  declined  so  rap- 
idly, that  he  was  forced  to  leave  his  pastoral  charge ; 
and  on  account  of  his  debility,  he  did  not  deem  it 
advisable  to  make  any  arrangement  in  regard  to 
future  labor.  He  was  thus  in  a  most  trying  posi- 
tion, and  the  very  nature  of  his  disease,  which  was 
a  chronic  dyspepsia,  caused  a  deep  depression  of 
spirits  ;  so  that  he  found  it  necessary  to  walk  alto- 
gether by  faith,  and  not  by  sight. 

He  sought  strength  and  relief  from  bodily  exhaus- 
tion, in  travelling ;  and  the  Lord  in  his  goodness 
blessed  the  means  which  he  used,  so  that  he  became 
comparatively  comfortable.  As  winter  approached, 
a  door  was  apparently  opened  for  his  labors,  where 
he  might  escape  the  cold  and  stormy  season. 

With  the  advice  of  his  friends  and  brethren,  he 
sailed  for  the  Island  of  St.  Johns,  W.  I.,  where  he 
expected,  with  the  permission  of  the  government,  to 
preach  the  Gospel  to  its  inhabitants.  He  arrived  at 
St.  John's  November  30th,  1828.  The  passage  was 
tedious  and  stormy,  and  his  health  so  feeble,  that  he 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  45 

realized  the  great  necessity  of  the  constant  exercise 
of  faith  and  patience. 

November  30,  1828,  he  writes  :— "  Since  I  ieft"^ 
my  native  land,  God's  dealings  with  me  have  been 
peculiar,  and  the  exercises  of  my  heart  have  also_ 
been  peculiar.  Contrary  to  every  expectation,  we 
were  twenty-eight  days  from  the  time  of  embarka- 
tion until  we  reached  the  port  of  destination.  Du- 
ring almost  all  of  this  time,  I  suffered  exceedingly 
from  a  short  attack  of  sea-sickness,  and  a  consequent 
prostration  of  strength,  and  weakness  of  stomach. 
Day  after  day  we  were  opposed  by  contrary  winds, 
or  prevented  from  proceeding  by  light  breezes  and 
calms.  I  have  never  been  placed  under  circumstan- 
ces where  the  exercise  of  faith,  and  patience,  and 
resignation  were  so  necessary,  since  I  commenced 
the  Christian  course.  I  constantly  felt  that  the  very 
events  which  were  the  cause  of  my  distress,  were 
necessary  ;  while  it  seemed  almost  impossible  not 
to  be  over  anxious  in  regard  to  a  change.  While 
my  mind  was  fully  convinced  of  the  wisdom  of  my 
Heavenly  Father,  in  every  dispensation,  it  was  with  i 
great  difficulty  that  I  could  suppress  the  murmurings 
of  my  rebellious  heart.  Oh,  what  a  struggle  my 
bosom  felt ;  alternate  peace  and  anguish,  hope  and 
fear,  resignation  and  murmuring,  possessed  my  mind. 
It  was  not  only  a  scene  of  affliction,  but,  if  I  mistake 
not,  the  system  of  discipline  was  salutary  to  my  soul. 
During  all  the  passage  my  mind  was  principally  oc- 
cupied with  spiritual  subjects,  and  my  heart  exer- 
cised with  those  feelings  wich  evince  the  presence 
and  operation  of  the  Spirit  of  God.     There  was  a 


46  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

fervor  and  importunity  in  my  prayers  which  urged 
me  often  to  the  throne  of  grace,  and  gave  me  pleas- 
ure in  remaining  there.  I  have  never  reaHzed  my 
dependence  upon  God  more  constantly,  than  during 
this  length  of  time.  1  was  enabled  to  resign  all  my 
concerns  in  his  hands  ;  while  I  dwelt  with  pleasure 
upon  the  passage,  '  Casting  all  your  cares  upon  him, 
for  he  careth  for  you.'  Amid  all  the  dangers  to 
which  we  were  exposed,  and  the  trials  which  I  ex- 
perienced, I  felt  always  the  sweetest  assurance  that 
all  things  were  working  together  for  my  good.  I 
have  reason  to  bless  God  for  the  discipline  of  his 
providence,  and  sincerely  pray  that  its  effects  may 
\    be  witnessed  in  all  my  future  course." 

His  hopes,  and  those  of  his  friends,  in  regard  to 
his  enjoyment  of  the  privilege  of  preaching  the  Gos- 
pel at  the  island  of  St.  Johns,  were  doomed  to  be 
almost  entirely  disappointed.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  island  were  anxious  to  hear  the  word  of  life  from 
his  lips,  but  the  government  refused  permission. 
Here  was  another  trial  of  his  faith,  and  he  felt  it 
deeply  ;  for  his  heart  yearned  over  those  immortal 
beings,  and  he  longed  to  show  them  "  Christ  and  him 
crucified."  Yet  he  did  exert  a  beneficial  influence 
by  his  walk  and  conversation.  In  the  midst  of  men 
who  made  not  even  a  profession  of  attachment  to 
religion,  he  was  as  a  shining  light.  He  also  ad- 
ministered spiritual  consolation  to  others,  who,  like 
himself,  were  called  to  pass  the  wintry  season  in  the 
mild  climate  of  the  south.  He  pointed  them  to  the 
only  hope  of  the  suffering  and  the  dying,  and  exert- 
ed himself  in  relieving  their  physical  distress. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  47 

In  April,  1829,  he  was  permitted  to  preach  the 
Gospel  for  a  short  time  to  the  inhabitants  of  St. 
Johns.  He  says  : — "  Thirty-six  years  have  elapsed 
since  the  stated  preaching  of  the  Gospel  in  this 
island.  There  has  scarcely  been  one  sermon 
preached  in  the  English  language  since  that  time." 
This  permission  lasted  only  two  months,  when  an 
order  from  government  led  him  to  relinquish  pub- 
lic service.  "  The  occurrence  of  unexpected  events 
has  determined  my  mind  on  the  subject,  which  pro- 
duced no  small  conflict  of  feeling.  I  received  in- 
formation that  I  must  desist  from  preaching,  until 
further  instructions.  I  received  liberty  to  preach 
for  two  more  Sabbaths,  and  I  published  that  our 
last  service  would  be  held  to-day.  I  selected  the 
subject,  '  The  fashion  of  this  world  passeth  away,' 
and  endeavored  to  apply  it  to  the  present  occasion. 
The  attention  was  good,  and  the  solemnity  deep. 
It  remains  with  God's  gracious  Spirit  to  make  the 
exercises  profitable." 

While  spending  this  winter  at  St.  Johns,  he  felt 
deeply  the  want  of  religious  society.  There  were 
none  with  whom  he  could  hold  communion  as  fel- 
low Christians.  He  occasionally  visited  the  Mora- 
vian missionaries  in  the  neighboring  island  of  Tor- 
tola,  and  was  delighted  with  his  intercourse  with 
them.     Speaking  of  these  brethren,  he  writes  : — 

"  June  20. — I  started  early  in  the  week  to  the 
end  of  this  island,  and  crossed  from  thence  to  Tor- 
tola.  I  enjoyed  the  pleasure  and  privilege  of  spend- 
ing tw^o  days  with  these  fellow-laborers  in  the  vine- 
yard.    It  was  truly  a  refreshing  season,  and  the 


48  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

remembrance   of  it  will  ever  be  sweet.     Trifling 
points  of  disagreement  were  forgotten,  and  every 
minor  consideration  merged   in   the  essential   and 
mutually   received    truths   of  religion.      They   are 
principally  men  from  England,  and  though  the  term 
of  service  is  ten  years,  yet  some  prefer  a  permanent 
residence  in  these  distant  islands.     I  have  seldom, 
if  ever,  enjoyed  communion  of  saints  more  than  in 
the  society  of  these  brethren.     Oh,  how  sweet  is 
the  anticipation  of  meeting  them,  and  all  the  de- 
voted servants    of  Christ,  in   our  Father's  house. 
Our  views  on  important  subjects  harmonized,  and 
nothing  interrupted  the  warm  and  mingled  current 
of  our  feeling.     They  have  my  prayers  and  best 
wishes ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  my  present  engage- 
ments, and  the  strong  prejudices  existing  in  the  men 
of  authority  against  them,  I  should  have  rejoiced  to 
have  co-operated  with  them,  and  thus  spent  my  leis- 
ure time  in  these  islands,  in  the  scene  of  their  labors." 
His  season  of  usefulness  having  closed,  and  the 
winter  having  passed,  he  left  St.  Johns  in  July,  and 
arrived  in  New  York  in  August,  grateful  for  being 
permitted  once  more  to  visit  his  native  land.     He 
was  again  in  doubt  as  to  the  path  of  duty,  when  the 
Lord  opened  a  field  of  labor  for  him  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  where  he  remained  until  his*final  course 
could  be  decided.     He  preached  in  the  Protestant 
Reformed  Dutch  church,  in  Orchard  street,  for  some 
weeks,  with  great  acceptance  and  profit. 

While  engaged  here  those  events  occurred  which 
directed  his  attention  to  China,  and  led  him  to  the 
determination  of  spending  his  days  among  its  de- 
graded inhabitants. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

It  is  the  peculiar  consolation  of  the  servant  of 
Jesus,  that  his  ways  are  in  the  hand  of  the  Lord ; 
and  that  his  chief  duty  is  to  watch  the  indications 
of  Divine  Providence,  assured  that  all  things  will 
work  together,  not  only  for  his  own  personal  benefit, 
but  also  for  the  glory  of  "  Him  who  doeth  all  things 
well."  Such  a  frame  of  mind  will  produce  confi- 
dence and  holy  enjoyment.  And  in  reviewing  the 
life  of  the  eminent  servant  of  God  whose  earthly 
career  we  are  now  tracing,  we  cannot  fail  to  ob- 
serve his  peculiar  watchfulness,  in  regard  to  the  will 
of  his  Master,  as  developed  by  the  course  of  his 
providence.  His  first  views  of  missionary  duty  had 
been  entertained  in  connection  with  the  idea  of  la- 
boring in  the  Holy  Land,  and  spending  his  days  in 
traversing  the  ground  beaten  by  the  footsteps  of  the 
Son  of  God,  when  he  was  engaged  in  his  mission  of 
love.  But  it  was  not  the  will  of  God  that  he  should 
live  or  labor  there ;  and  he  yielded  up  his  wishes 
readily,  when  the  finger  of  Providence  pointed  out 
to  him  another  path.  He  thus  notices  the  circum- 
stances which  combined  to  direct  his  attention  to 
the  idolaters  of  China  : — 

''September  24,  1829. — How  wonderful  are  the 
3 


50  MEMOIil    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ways  of  God.     Again  has  a  circumstance  occurred 
in  his  providence,  which  turns  my  attention  to  for- 
eign lands ;    and  appears,  from  its  appropriateness 
to  my  situation,  to  decide  the  subject  of  my  duty. 
Since  I  determined  by  the  advice  of  my  friends  to 
leave  this  northern  region,  and  pass  the  winter  in  a 
more    congenial  clime,  I   have    consulted   with  a 
young  gentleman  on  the  subject,  who  came  to  the 
north  to  obtain  laborers.     He  mentioned  some  facts 
in  regard  to  the  limited  support  of  their  missiona- 
ries, which  determined  my  mind  in  regard  to  the 
impracticability  of  accepting  his  proposal ;  and  left 
me  in  the  uncertainty  of  any  other  engagement, 
should  I  not  comply.     I  had  not  concluded  on  the 
precise  course  I  should  take,  when  I  was  sent  for  by 
a  gentleman,  who  mentioned    that   the  Seaman's 
Friend  Society,  and  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  were  desi- 
rous that  I  should  proceed  to  Canton  in  a  vessel 
which  sails  in  less  than  a  month,  to  see  what  can  be 
done  in  behalf  of  the  sailors  who  visit  that  port ; 
and  also  in  behalf  of  the  multitudes  of  natives,  who 
reside  on  the  waters,  and  in  the  accessible  regions 
of  the  country.     I  have  not  had  an  interview  with 
the  Society,  but  understand  that  they  are  anxious 
to  see  me  and  engage  my  services.      I  may  return 
and  report,  or   remain,  at  option.      Certainly  the 
opening  in  Providence  is  very  apropos  ;  an  unsought 
and  unexpected  opportunity.     The  time  of  depart- 
ure, direction  of  the  passage,  field  of  usefulness,  ad- 
vantages of  health,  and  accordance  with  previous 
exercises  and  determinations  in  regard  to  foreign 
lands,  connected  with  no  serious  obstacle,  render 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  51 

my  duty  in  the  opinion  of  all  with  whom  I  have  ad- 
vised, unequivocal.  I  know  from  experience  the 
privations  and  trials  of  a  sea  voyage,  and  a  resi- 
dence in  foreign  lands.  I  apprehend  many  difficul- 
ties and  sufferings ;  but  I  go  in  the  humble  confi- 
dence that  God  will  support,  strengthen,  and  com- 
fort me.  I  go  with  the  hope  of  extensive  usefulness, 
and  believing  that  my  health  will  be  restored,  and 
my  life  protracted  and  more  energetically  employed. 
I  know  many  of  these  expectations  are  uncertain  ; 
but  there  is  a  probability  connected  with  them,  and 
that  is  the  only  ground  of  calculation  on  the  subject. 
May  God  direct  me.  I  am  happy  to  know  that  he 
can  change  my  purpose,  if  it  be  his  will,  as  he  did 
in  regard  to  my  previous  scheme." 

Acting  in  accordance  with  these  indications  of 
duty,  he  sought  the  advice  of  his  friends  and  rela- 
tives ;  and  having  consulted  calmly  and  fully  in  re- 
gard to  the  matter,  he  offered  his  services  to  the  A. 
B.  C.  F.  M.  and  the  Seaman's  Friend  Society.  His 
offer  was  unanimously  accepted,  and  the  necessary 
preparations  commenced. 

"  October. — My  ultimate  object,  as  they  were  in- 
formed, was  the  introduction  of  the  Gospel  within 
the  extensive  unevangelized  regions  of  Eastern 
Asia.  My  present  employment  will  afford  me,  not 
only  a  safe  residence  among  that  benighted  and 
strongly  prejudiced  people,  but  also  the  means  of 
such  information,  as  may  originate  some  practicable 
plan  of  evangelizing  this  populous  nation.  After 
preaching  one  year  in  the  service  of  the  Seaman's 
Friend  Society,  I  shall  probably  visit  the  Islands  of 


62  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

the  Eastern  Archipelago,  ascertain  the  best  means 
of  introducing  religion,  and  devote  myself  as  far  as 
possible  to  its  dissemination.  At  present  I  have  no 
definite  purposes  of  labor,  beyond  the  termination 
of  the  first  year  after  my  arrival.  Whether  I  shall 
conclude  to  remain  in  the  employment  of  the  So- 
ciety which  sends  me  out — or  whether  I  shall  visit 
the  neighboring  islands — or  whether  I  shall  turn  my 
attention  to  the  acquisition  of  the  Chinese  or  Malay 
or  Dutch  language, — or  whether  I  shall  immediately 
return  to  my  native  land — must  be  left  to  the  deter- 
minations of  the  future.  I  go  to  do  all  the  good  I 
can ;  I  go,  at  least,  with  a  strong  desire  to  be  unre- 
servedly and  eternally  dedicated  to  the  service  of 
God.  I  go  with  the  prayer,  that  nothing  but  duty 
may  call  me  back,  and  nothing  but  duty  may  keep 
me  there — that  the  glory  of  God  may  be  my  only 
object  in  all  my  plans,  in  all  my  exertions." 

The  time  allowed  for  preparation  was  very  lim- 
ited ;  and  he  was  so  greatly  hurried,  that  he  declares 
it  to  have  been  a  season  of  but  little  spiritual  enjoy- 
ment. Still  he  was  enabled  to  make  every  neces- 
sary arrangement. 

The  farewell  meeting  previous  to  his  departure 
for  China,  was  held  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
of  Garden  street.  New  York.  He  then  received  his 
instructions  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Seaman's 
Friend  Society,  and  delivered  his  parting  address  to 
his  Christian  friends. 

Mr.  Abeel  and  his  fellow-missionary,  Mr.  Bridg- 
man,  sailed  for  China  in  the  ship  Roman,  Captain 
Lavender,  on  Wednesday  the  14th  of  October,  1829. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  53 

After  weighing  anchor,  the  Roman  had  not  pro- 
ceeded far  below  the  Hook  when  she  was  becalmed, 
and  was  obliged  to  remain  there  two  days.  These 
were  days  of  severe  trial  to  those  who  had  left  their 
all,  and  whose  feelings  of  affection  were  revived  and 
quickened  by  this  continued  view  of  their  native 
land.     Mr.  Abeel  notices  it  with  deep  feeling : — 

"  After  our  friends  left  us,  w^e  weighed  anchor  and 
endeavored  to  get  to  sea ;  but  the  wind  was  so  light 
and  adverse,  and  the  opposing  current  so  strong, 
that  we  found  ourselves  at  evening  but  a  few  miles 
below  the  city,  and  we  were  obliged  once  more  to 
anchor.  The  next  morning  we  took  an  early  start, 
but  again  we  were  prevented  from  reaching  the 
wide  ocean;  and  after  making  many  fruitless  at- 
tempts to  proceed,  were  compelled,  from  our  situa- 
tion, to  run  back  some  distance  and  wait  the  approach 
of  a  new  day.  Thus,  for  two  days  we  were  lying  in 
sight  of  the  harbor  of  the  city,  which  contained  at 
that  time  the  majority  of  our  immediate  family. 
Many  tender  thoughts  passed  my  mind,  and  awak- 
ened, while  they  lingered,  a  host  of  sensibilities.  I 
thought  most  of  all  of  my  aged  parents — the  feelings 
which  this  step  had  aroused  in  their  bosoms — the 
conflict  of  restrained  tenderness  and  resignation  to 
the  will  of  God — the  many  anxious  fears  which  dis- 
tance and  time,  connected  with  the  great  infrequency 
of  receiving  information,  shall  produce — and  chiefly 
the  uncertainty  of  meeting  again  this  side  the  eter- 
nal world.  These,  and  many  more  of  the  same 
character,  would  obtrude  their  frequent  visits,  and 
for  a  season  fill  me  with  sorrow.     But  I  have  reason 


54  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

I 

to  bless  God  that,  in  the  sense  of  the  Apostle,  none 
of  these  things  moved  me.  My  determinations,  my 
engagements,  my  prospects,  all  the  steps  which  I  had 
taken,  were  approved  to  my  reason  and  conscience  ; 
and,  though  flesh  and  blood  revolted,  I  had  strength 
imparted  to  rebuke  these  unchristian  emotions,  and 
to  thank  God  for  counting  me  in  the  least  worthy 
of  this  distinguishing  honor.  Long  have  I  desired 
to  be  an  instrument  of  more  than  ordinary  good  in 
the  kingdom  of  my  Lord  ;  and  though  I  had  but  little 
expectation  of  such  an  arrangement,  on  account  of 
my  unfitness  for  the  work,  yet,  since  my  prayer  has 
been  answered,  I  have  cause  for  the  strongest  grati- 
tude." 

Thus  faith  conquered,  and  enabled  him  to  rise 
above  these  feelings  of  tenderness.  After  they  had 
succeeded  in  clearing  the  land,  he  sent  back  by  the 
pilot  a  letter  to  his  parents,  full  of  expressions  of 
hope,  and  even  of  cheerfulness. 

"October  15th,  1829. 

"  Dear  Friends, — About  daylight,  we  got  under 
way  and  proceeded  as  far  as  the  Narrows  ;  when  the 
tide  being  against  us,  and  the  wind  too  light  to  stem 
it,  we  again  anchored.  Now  I  hear  the  cry  of  the 
sailors,  and  perceive  that  they  are  once  more  weigh- 
ing anchor,  and  spreading  the  canvas.  If  the  wind 
*  breezes  up,'  we  will  soon  lose  sight  of  the  shores 
of  happy  America,  and  probably  see  land  again  only 
when  we  make  our  destined  port.  You  may  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  that  my  spirits  have  recovered  their 
wonted  elasticity,  and  that  I  feel  happy.     I  rejoice 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  55 

in  the  Providence  which  has  opened  this  door ;  and 
believe,  with  all  the  painfulness  of  leaving  friends 
and  country,  it  will  redound  to  my  everlasting  wel- 
fare and  the  glory  of  God.  I  do  not  feel  as  though 
/  should  say  a  word  against  the  leadings  of  Provi- 
dence ;  for  of  all  the  passengers,  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  will  return  in  years  if  they  can  find  employment. 
One  goes  to  seek  business  for  the  support  of  himself, 
his  widowed  mother  and  sister,  and  feels  happy,  with 
this  motive,  to  submit  to  the  separation  of  many  years 
from  these  dear  relatives.  Why,  then,  should  I  com- 
plain ?  Why  should  I  not  rather  rejoice  ?  Only  con- 
sider the  object  which  takes  me  away  from  home,  and 
all  the  connected  circumstances,  and  you  will  find 
much  cause  for  gratitude,  and  none  for  despondency. 
Again  I  would  assure  you  that  I  am  happy.  Though 
slowly  losing  sight  of  one  object  after  another,  I  am 
cheerful,  and  far  from  regretting  my  choice,  because 
I  feel  that  I  have  only  yielded  to  the  plainest  indi- 
cations of  duty. 

"  This  ship  is  so  much  larger  and  more  comforta- 
ble than  any  vessel  which  has  ever  borne  me  above 
the  waves,  that  I  anticipate  but  few  of  the  horrors 
of  the  sea.  My  great  desire  is,  that  God  would  pour 
out  his  Spirit  upon  the  souls  of  those  on  board,  and 
grant  us  a  refreshing  from  his  presence ;  but  my 
strongest  desire  is,  that  every  one  of  your  number 
may  improve  this  providence,  and  become  the  living 
members  of  Jesus,  the  living  Head.  May  his  bless- 
ing rest  upon  you  all,  and  his  grace  adorn  your  spir- 
its.    I  hope  you  will  not  be  unhappy  on  my  account. 


56  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

I  am  in  the  hands  of  my  Father,  and  he  shall  be 
'  my  confidence  '  when  '  afar  off  upon  the  sea.' 

"  Yours,  most  affectionately,  D." 

The  vessel  in  which  he  sailed,  was  fitted  with 
suitable  accommodations  even  for  an  invalid  ;  and  he 
enjoyed  the  society  of  those  who  were  passengers 
with  him  in  his  voyage.  His  health  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  time  was  exceedingly  delicate  ; 
and  when  in  the  region  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he 
hardly  knew  whether  to  proceed,  or  to  land  and  take 
some  return  vessel.  He  feared,  lest  having  arrived 
at  China,  he  should  only  be  a  burden  to  the  cause  of 
his  Master,  and  unable  to  perform  the  work  assigned 
him.     He  thus  describes  his  feelings  : — 

"  December  17,  1829. — Never  have  I  experienced 
such  a  trial  of  my  faith,  and  never  have  I  had  more 
reason  for  gratitude,  than  since  I  left  my  native 
land.  Whether  it  be  necessary  to  stop,  or  dutiful 
to  continue, — whether,  if  my  health  demands  a 
speedy  change  to  other  scenes  and  habits,  we  shall 
be  so  fortunate  as  to  meet  a  vessel  bound  to  the 
Cape,  or  some  adjacent  port,  (as  it  is  deemed  im- 
proper for  the  ship  to  stop), — whether,  if  I  proceed 
1  shall  ever  reach  the  port  of  destination, — whether 
I  shall  recover,  and  attend  to  my  official  duties  should 
I  arrive,  without  the  exercise  which  has  proved  ne- 
cessary in  times  past,  and  which  cannot  be  enjoyed 
at  Canton — in  fact  whether  I  shall  live  or  die,  or 
labor  or  remain  inactive,  or  continue  at  Canton,  or 
be  obliged  to  leave  it,  or  remain  from  home  or  re- 
turn, are  all  matters  of  extreme  uncertainty ;  and 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  57 

all  demand  the  exercise  of  strong  confidence  in  the 
Lord.  It  has  grieved  me  to  find  an  undue  anxiety 
on  the  subject,  while  I  pondered  on  the  future.  I 
have  been  able  to  mourn  over  the  least  restlessness 
of  spirit  which  I  have  detected  ;  and,  in  faith,  to  com- 
mit my  way  unto  the  Lord.  Lately  my  mind  is 
composed,  and  my  heart  gladdened  at  the  kind  care 
of  my  covenant  God.  Long  have  I  discovered 
what  I  thought  a  determination  to  save  me,  and  the 
conclusion  is  strengthened  by  the  present  dispensa- 
tion. I  am  obliged  to  rebuke  those  thoughts  of 
home,  and  comfort,  and  friends,  which  may  never 
again  be  enjoyed  ;  and  look  with  a  steady  eye  to 
the  Lord.  His  grace  has  proved  abundantly  suffi- 
cient for  me,  and  his  strength  has  been  made  perfect 
in  my  weakness.  I  find  great  pleasure  in  casting 
all  my  care  upon  him,  in  contemplating  his  perfect 
government,  and  in  studying  his  holy  word.  My 
attention  is  given  almost  exclusively  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  vital  godliness.  My  disease  has  not  inca- 
pacitated my  mind  for  calm  reflection,  except  in  a 
few  instances.  I  think  I  can  kiss  the  rod  that  smites 
me,  and  rejoice  in  the  hope  of  the  glory  of  God. 
My  anxiety  is  to  reach  Canton,  if  it  be  the  Lord's 
will." 

But  with  the  advice  of  his  fellow-missionary,  Mr. 
Bridgeman,  which  fully  accorded  with  his  own  views 
of  duty,  he  determined  to  persevere.  He  now  re- 
viewed his  course,  unswayed  by  excitement,  and  felt 
that  he  had  obeyed  the  call  of  his  Master,  in  devot- 
ing himself  to  his  service.  He  says,  "  Thus  far  I 
have  reason  to  thank  God  for  that  unexpected  dis- 
3* 


58  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

pensation  of  his  providence,  which  has  separated 
me  from  all  that  is  dear  in  life,  and  turned  my  face 
towards  regions  of  darkness  and  death.  If  I  am 
not  deceiving  myself,  I  enjoy  much  of  his  delightful 
presence  and  communion.  Here  I  can  take  a  calm 
and  impartial  retrospect  of  the  past.  Removed  from 
the  distracting  bustle  of  the  world,  I  can  enter  the 
recesses  of  my  own  heart,  investigate  its  motives, 
watch  its  operations,  and,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
mortify  its  evil  propensities,  and  cherish  its  gracious 
principles.  Undeceived  by  the  vivid,  though  unreal 
pictures  of  a  heated  imagination,  I  can  look  forward 
through  the  medium  of  reason  and  religion,  to  the 
great  work,  in  which  I  am  about  to  engage  ;  and 
with  which  so  many  wild  vagaries  of  fancy  are  con- 
nected, in  the  mind  of  the  youthful  missionary.  I 
have  never  been  so  deeply  impressed  with  the  mag- 
nitude of  any  undertaking  in  which  I  have  ever 
been  engaged,  as  at  present.  I  have  seen  enough  ; 
to  fasten  upon  my  mind  a  conviction  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  laboring  among  nominal  Christians  in  hea- 
then lands.  Their  only  object  is  wealth ;  and  with 
no  higher  principle  of  action  than  this,  alas  !  they 
deem  no  conduct  inadmissible.  But  the  greatest 
difficulty  opposes  the  introduction  of  the  Gospel  in 
China.  Faintheartedness  and  presumption,  carnal 
ease  and  popular  applause,  with  every  other  unhal- 
lowed" motive  and  feeling,  must  be  sacrificed.  My 
only  object  is  the  glory  of  God  in  the  salvation  of 
the  heathen  ;  and  if  anything  which  I  can  accom- 
plish or  suffer,  though  most  abhorrent  to  flesh  and 
blood,  can  secure  this  end,  the  path  of  duty  and 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  $9 

happiness  is  plain.     My  constant  prayer  is,  that  I 
may  have  grace  to  go  where  duty  calls  me,  and  to 
suffer  what  it  bids  me.     Oh!    that  I  may  be  pre- 
pared for  every  trial  of  toil  and  suffering  ;  and,  if  ne- 
cessary, for  death.     I  wish  my  mind  brought  to  a 
perfect  willingness  never  again  to  mingle  in  scenes 
of  my  greatest  earthly  pleasure  ;  and,  if  it  be  re- 
quired, to  spend  my  days  where  no  improper  motive 
could  lead  or   keep  me.     And  yet,  if  I  knew  my 
heart,  I  should  probably  find  a  hidden  expectation 
of  contending  with  no  serious  difficulties,  and  of 
soon  revisiting  the  land  of  my  fathers.     Something 
supports  me  in  the  undertaking,  and  it  scarcely  re- 
quires even  as  partial  an  acquaintance  as  I  have  with 
my  heart,  to  regard  with  jealousy  and  distrust  its 
deeply  concealed  operations.     Yet,  with  all  my  sus- 
picions of  its  treachery  and  deceitfulness,  as  far  as  I 
am  able  to  determine,  I  have  not  embarked  in  this 
project  without  deliberation,  advice,  and  prayer.     I 
am  not  conscious  of  the  operation  of  any  principle 
as  the  impulse  of  my  conduct,  which  will  not  stand 
the  test  of  the  judgment ;  and  yet,  while  inditing 
this  sentiment,  I  turn  to  the  idea  o{  unconsciousness 
as  my  refuge,  for  I  believe  I  am  at  times  actuated 
by  motives,  of  whose  existence  I  have  no  suspicion. 
One  thing  comforts  me.     In  a  previous  scheme  of 
missionary  labor,  God  in  mercy  disappointed  me, 
although  I  had  engaged  myself  to  an  association  tor 
this  purpose.     This  strengthened  my  confidence  in 
committing  the  determination  of  the  subject  into 
his  hands.     Another  consolatory  reflection  is,  that  it 
did  not  depend  entirely  upon  my  decision  ;  for  even 


60  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

after  I  had  come  to  a  conclusion,  under  the  impres- 
sion that  it  rested  exclusively  with  me,  the  expe- 
dience of  sending  two  missionaries  was  submitted 
to  the  judgment  of  those  Christians,  who  were  most 
familiar  with  the  subject.  The  consultation  of  the 
first  meeting  left  the  matter  in  such  a  state,  that  I 
felt  as  though  the  wisdom  of  my  Heavenly  Father 
might  again  change  my  expected  course.  I  felt  happy 
that  He  vouchsafed  such  convincing  evidences  of 
overruling  and  directing  the  deliberations  of  His  peo- 
ple in  my  behalf;  and  confident  that  if  I  'committed 
my  way  to  the  Lord,  he  would  direct  my  paths/ 
My  constant  prayer  was,  'Thy  will  be  done  ;'  and 
when  the  practicability  of  sending  two  missionaries 
to  engage  at  first  in  behalf  of  the  diflferent  societies 
was  decided,  I  could  not  but  regard  it  as  the  expres- 
sion of  my  Father's  good  pleasure.  So  that  while 
1  distrust  my  own  heart,  I  think  I  have   another 

source  of  support  and  comfort,  to  which  to  flee 

the  prayerful  deliberations  of  unprejudiced  Chris- 
tians." 

It  should  be  distinctly  understood,  that  Mr.  Abeel 
sailed  to  China  under  the  commission  of  the  Sea- 
man's Friend  Society,  which  was  limited,  and  taken 
by  him  with  the  ulterior  object  of  being  transferred 
to  the  care  of  the  Am.  B.  of  Commissioners.  He 
freely  officiated  as  chaplain  during  his  passage  to 
China.  His  soul  w^as  filled  with  anxiety  in  behalf 
of  those  who  were  with  him  in  the  vessel.  "  There 
is  one  subject,"  he  wrote,  "  which  for  a  few  days 
past  has  affected  my  mind  with  unusual  anxiety, — 
the  spiritual  benefit  of  those  on  ship-board.     It  was 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  61 

my  hope  that  much  would  have  been  effected  in 
their  behalf,  and  that  the  fruits  of  my  labors  among 
seamen  would  have  appeared  before  we  reached 
the  port  of  destination.  Since  we  embarked,  this 
solicitude  has  been  increased  by  the  circumstances 
and  prospects  of  some  of  the  young  men  who  go  out 
as  our  fellow-passengers.  In  the  way  of  public  or 
private  exertion,  little  has  been  done.  Thus  far  we 
have  been  prevented  from  public  exercises  on  the 
Sabbath,  by  indisposition  and  unfavorable  weather. 
To-morrow  that  sacred  day  returns,  and  I  hope  that 
our  labors  may  then  commence.  I  feel  under  many 
restraints,  from  what  has  been  expressed  by  those 
who  are  placed  in  authority.  I  did  hope  to  have 
free  access  to  the  sailors  at  all  times,  but  this  is 
thought  an  infringement  of  the  system  of  subordi- 
nation which  is  deemed  necessary  in  a  ship.  I  am 
happy  that  there  is  so  much  time  intervening  be- 
tween the  present  and  the  termination  of  our  pas- 
sage ;  not  that  J  have  any  predilection  to  a  sea  life, 
but  that  I  cannot  endure  the  thought  of  leaving  the 
ship,  without  the  conversion  of  the  immortals  which 
it  carries ;  or  at  least,  without  relieving  my  con- 
science of  the  burden  of  neglected  duty.  Baxter's 
Reformed  Pastor,  which  I  have  been  reading,  has 
filled  my  soul  with  sorrow  for  past  unfaithfulness, 
and  revived  the  impression  that,  what  your  hand 
findeth  to  do  must  be  done  with  your  might.  Yes- 
terday, I  looked  over  my  instructions  from  the  com- 
mittee of  the  American  Seaman's  Friend  Society. 
It  appears  to  me,  that  I  have  attempted  a  work 


62  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

which  demands  more  zeal  and  energy  than  I  have 
ever  yet  evinced." 

Services  were  held  regularly  on  the  Roman,  ex- 
cept when  interrupted  on  account  of  the  weather,  as 
will  be  seen  by  this  extract  from  his  diary. 

'*  Sabbath,  November  1,  1829.— The  most  delight- 
ful day  since  we  left  our  native  land.  Wind  and 
weather  favorable.  Sick,  (from  the  motion  of  the 
vessel,)  but  much  improved  ;  and  what  is  far  more 
important,  public  worship  celebrated.  This  morn- 
ing our  cabin  was  consecrated  to  the  service  of  the 
living  God.  It  was  thought  the  most  appropriate 
place  in  the  ship.  While  it  is  sufficiently  large  to 
admit  all  our  number,  it  is  so  confined  as  to  prevent 
them  from  gazing  at  distant  objects,  and  indulging 
in  improper  conduct.  The  behavior  of  those  pres- 
ent was  becoming — their  attention  riveted.  They 
were  addressed  familiarly  on  the  talents  which  had 
been  intrusted  to  them — the  obligations  under  which 
they  are  placed — the  judgment  to  which  they  are 
destined — and  the  consequences  of  profitably  em- 
ploying, or  criminally  neglecting  their  advantages. 
In  the  afternoon,  conversed  with  some  of  the  young 
men  on  the  importance  of  personal  religion.  It 
was  gratifying  to  see  the  sailors  perusing  tracts  af- 
ter service ;  while  in  some  instances,  others  would 
be  looking  over  their  shoulders,  either  reading  or 
listening,  and  spelling." 

"  November  20. — This  afternoon  I  summoned  up 
resolution,  and  made  a  visit  in  the  forecastle.  I  did 
apprehend  harsh  treatment  from  some  who  have 
openly  and  unblushingly  blasphemed  the  name  of 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  63 

God  in  my  presence.  One  of  them  has  been  indis- 
posed for  some  time,  and  I  conceived  it  a  favorable 
opportunity  of  conversing  with  him  on  the  great 
subject  which  he  neglected  in  health,  and  to  which 
God's  afflictive  hand,  in  an  especial  manner,  directed 
his  attention.  As  I  entered  his  apartment,  my  ears 
were  assailed  with  oaths  ;  and  instead  of  finding  the 
sick  man  in  a  serious  mood,  I  soon  ascertained  that 
they  proceeded  from  his  lips.  Pale,  emaciated,  and 
enfeebled  by  disease,  I  was  shocked  at  his  insensi- 
bility and  hardihood,  and  immediately  endeavored 
to  convince  him  of  his  guilt  and  danger.  I  re- 
mained probably  an  hour  conversing  with  him  ; 
and  intentionally,  though  without  a  direct  refer- 
ence, to  those  who  mingled  with  us.  Silence,  and 
as  far  as  I  can  judge,  a  conviction  of  the  truth, 
were  the  consequence.  It  has  doubtless  produced 
a  good  effect;  for,  though  it  may  never  have  a 
sanctifying  influence  on  the  mind,  it  has  opened  a 
door  of  labor,  and  emboldened  me  to  enter.  To 
enlist  the  kind  feelings  of  his  heart,  I  sent  him  some 
of  my  private  stores." 

^'November  30. — Yesterday  we  enjoyed  our  estab- 
lished privilege  of  morning  and  afternoon  service. 
The  crew  were  generally  present,  and  especially  in 
the  afternoon.  Never,  since  we  commenced  preach- 
ing, did  I  witness  such  fixed  attention  ;  and  never, 
since  we  sailed,  has  the  Sabbath  been  so  well  ob- 
served. Silence,  and  more  suitable  engagements, 
took  the  place  of  much  unprofitable  conversation ; 
although,  alas !  there  are  many  things  still  to  be  de- 
plored.    To-day  I  received  a  note  from  one  of  the 


64  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sailors,  desiring  an  interview,  w^ith  a  special  refer- 
ence to  religious  information.  As  it  bore  the  ev- 
ident marks  of  sincerity,  it  afforded  more  pleasure 
than  any  object  my  eyes  had  seen  during  the  pas- 
sage. In  the  evening,  I  saw  the  young  man  by 
whom  it  was  signed,  walking  the  decks  alone. 
When  he  saw  me  approaching,  he  waited ;  and 
when  I  addressed  him,  unhesitatingly  entered  into 
conversation.  He  mentioned  that  his  attention  had 
been  previously  directed  to  religion,  by  a  tract 
which  he  read  during  the  last  voyage;  but  as  he 
could  find  none  disposed  to  converse  on  serious 
subjects,  but  on  the  other  hand,  as  there  was  a  dis- 
position prevalent  among  them  to  ridicule  religion, 
and  deride  its  adherents,  he  became  indifferent  to 
his  best  interests ;  and  on  his  return,  yielded  to 
the  temptations  which  beset  the  homeless  mariner. 
Within  the  last  week  his  convictions  have  revived. 
He  feels  the  necessity  of  religion,  but  finds  his  heart 
a  stone.  He  inquired  with  anxiety,  whether  there 
was  a  class  of  human  beings  for  whom  there  was 
no  salvation.  His  sins,  and  particularly  the  aggra- 
vated guilt  of  resisting  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  stifling 
strong  convictions,  probably  suggested  the  idea." 

"  These  are  the  principal  facts  recorded  on  the 
way.  The  sick  man  of  whom  I  have  spoken,  re- 
covered, after  affording  many  an  opportunity  of 
visiting  the  forecastle,  and  conversing  with  the  sail- 
ors. Though  he  gave  no  evidence  of  regeneration, 
he  was  punctual  in  his  attendance  on  the  means  of 
grace,  and  by  no  means  backward  in  reproving  his 
shipmates  of  sins,  which,  I  understood,  he  had  not 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  65 

altogether  renounced.  The  young  man  who  ad- 
dressed the  note  to  me  continued  serious  ;  and  sub- 
sequently gave  the  clearest  evidences  of  piety  of  any 
of  our  number ;  I  speak  comparatively,  for  *  the 
time'  to  judge  has  not  yet  arrived  ;  and  I  know  not 
how  he  will  appear  without  the  excitement  of  the 
means  which  were  enjoyed.  He  was  probably  the 
subject  of  more  conversation  than  any  of  his  com- 
panions. Some  scoffed,  others  justified  ;  those  who 
appeared  to  me  the  most  unpromising  when  we  em- 
barked, became  his  advocates  ;  and  though  uncon- 
verted themselves,  were  so  far  convinced  of  the  pro- 
priety of  such  conduct,  as  to  avow  their  sentiments, 
and  rebuke  the  ungodly  caviller.  I  took  the  oppor- 
tunity of  private  conversation  with  the  majority  of 
them,  and  should  have  had  more  frequent  interviews 
had  the  state  of  my  health  permitted  ;  the  effect  was 
evident  in  the  immediate  seriousness  produced,  as 
well  as  in  their  subsequent  conduct." 

The  voyage  passed  on  rapidly,  during  which  time 
his  spirits  often  declined  and  rallied,  being  very 
much  influenced  by  his  physical  state.  As  he  came 
near  to  the  lands  of  heathenism,  his  heart  was  filled 
with  strong  desires  for  their  spiritual  welfare.  The 
ensuing  letter  was  written  at  this  time, 

"  A  few  more  days,  under  ordinary  circumstan- 
ces, will  bring  us  safely  to  our  destination ;  and  as 
no  homeward  bound  vessel  has  greeted  our  eyes 
thus  far,  I  have  determined  to  take  time  by  the  fore- 
lock, and  be  prepared,  should  an  opportunity  occur, 
immediately  upon  our  arrival.  Since  we  lost  sight 
of  our  native  land,  many  da3^s  have  elapsed,  and  not 


66  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

until  we  had  enjoyed  the  prospect  of  sky  and  water 
for  nearly  three  months,  did  we  catch  a  glimpse  of 
W'hat  might  be  termed  land ;  and  even  that,  by 
strict  propriety  of  speech,  could  scarcely  be  called 
*  terra  firma,'  for  it  has  frequently  trembled  to  its 
base  under  the  action  of  volcanic  fires.  Since  that 
time,  one  island  has  arisen  in  the  prospect  after 
another,  until  we  have  stretched  beyond  the  Indian 
Archipelago,  and  gained  the  wide  expanse  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

''  While  sailing  so  near  the  habitations  of  these 
pitiable  heathen,  my  mind,  (as  is  naturally  the  case,) 
has  been  filled  with  projects,  or  rather  imaginations, 
for  their  conversion.  Millions  inhabit  these  islands^ 
who,  so  far  from  possessing  any  correct  ideas  of 
religion,  are  represented  in  some  cases,  as  but  little 
superior  to  the  brute  creation.  And  yet  these  are 
immortal,  accountable  beings,  subject  to  the  same 
general  law  of  mortality  as  Christian  nations,  and 
with  no  other  preparatory  state  but  the  present  ex- 
istence. It  is  a  consolatory  reflection  that  God  will 
deal  justly  with  them  ;  but  we  all  know  that  the 
Gospel  is  necessary  to  faith,  and  faith  to  salvation. 
The  greatest  barrier  to  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity in  these  numerous  and  thickly  populated 
islands,  lies  in  the  heart  of  Christians.  Worldly 
enterprise  with  equal  advantages,  w^ould  conquer 
these  difficulties  ;  and  if  wealth  was  the  object,  and 
the  Gospel  the  means  of  obtaining  it,  men  would 
weep  with  the  ancient  hero,  that  there  were  no 
more  islands  of  the  sea  to  evangelize.  I  should  de- 
light to  have  those  persons  who  are  ever  objecting 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  67 

to  Foreign  Missions,  visit  some  of  these  regions  of 
mental  and  spiritual  darkness ;  and  learn  from  ob- 
servation whether  the  necessities  of  our  own  land, 
which  they  think  should  engross  the  attention,  and 
limit  the  efforts  of  Christians,  are  to  be  compared  to 
the  condition  of  those  w'ho  have  never  heard  of  a 
Savior,  and  possess  no  means  of  information.  It 
is  true,  that  our  own  country  should  be  supplied 
with  the  Gospel,  and  the  living  teacher ;  but,  while 
this  should  be  done,  certainly  the  other  should  not 
be  left  undone." 

Thus  every  new  sight  touched  his  heart  with  sad- 
ness, in  view  of  the  destitute  and  guilty  condition 
of  the  poor  heathen ;  and  strengthened  his  resolu- 
tion to  serve  them.  He  reached  Canton,  February 
25,  1830.  His  diary  contains  this  record  of  his  first 
impressions. 

"  On  heathen  lands,  surrounded  by  millions  who 
w^orship  stocks  and  stones,  who  are  more  ignorant 
and  more  fully  stupid  on  the  first  principles  of  natu- 
ral religion  than  I  believed  possible — whose  minds 
are  so  warped  by  error,  or  unaccustomed  to  truth, 
that  it  is  with  difficulty  you  can  communicate  a 
just  sentiment.  Pitiable,  miserable  beings!  I  can 
scarcely  reconcile  the  idea  to  my  mind,  that  the 
persons  whom  1  daily  see,  are  the  pagans  of  whom 
I  have  thought,  and  read,  and  heard  so  much ;  and 
for  whom  I  have  joined  God's  people  in  so  many  peti- 
tions. '  Bone  of  our  bone,  and  flesh  of  our  flesh,'  with 
features,  actions,  intellect,  feelings  like  our  own — so 
similar  that  they  remind  me  of  my  Christian  friends, 
whom  they  resemble,   and  yet  in  gross  darkness. 


68  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Having  no  God — without  a  knowledge  of  the  blessed 
Redeemer,  though  under  the  same  neces^ty  of 
knowledge  with  Christians — bound  to  the  same  eter- 
nal destiny,  wdth  no  other  season  of  preparation 
than  the  present — withering  under  the  same  infirm- 
ities, and  daily  dropping  in  the  grave.  My  heart 
melts  with  tenderness  at  the  thought  of  them  ;  but 
I  know  not  their  language,  neither  will  my  other 
arrangements  allow  its  present  acquisition;  and 
even  if  I  were  sufficiently  acquainted  with  it,  I  could 
only  work  interruptedly  and  silently." 

On  their  arrival,  he  and  his  companion,  Mr.  Bridg- 
man,  were  kindly  w;elcomed  by  the  residents  of  Can- 
ton, and  especially  by  Dr.  Morrison.  "  On  Thurs- 
day we  reached  our  destination,  and  were  most 
kindly  received  by  C.  N.  Talbot,  Esq.,  the  consular 
agent,  whose  father  and  brother  had  been  our  fellow 
passengers,  and  to  whose  hospitality  we  were  com- 
mended by  our  friends  in  America.  Upon  learning 
our  arrival,  we  were  visited  by  Dr.  Morrison  ;  who, 
as  might  be  expected,  welcomed  fellow-missionaries 
into  this  long  neglected  field  with  no  ordinary  joy. 
A  career  of  more  than  two-and-twenty  years'  labor, 
under  the  many  embarrassments  and  trials  which 
were  experienced,  especially  at   first— without  the 

permanent  assistance  of  a  single  companion and 

particularly  after  the  sentence  of  death  begins  to  be 
felt  in  a  body  shattered  by  toil  and  anxieties — might 
be  supposed  a  sufficient  preparative  to  the  welcome 
reception  of  those  whose  avowed  object  is  the  same, 
and  who  are  expected  to  find  their  highest  interest 
in  its  promotion.     From  many  of  the  residents,  and 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  69 

especially  from  those  of  our  own  countrymen,  to 
whom  we  had  letters,  we  soon  enjoyed  all  those 
polite  and  kind  attentions  which  are  calculated  to 
reconcile  a  stranger  to  an  abode  in  foreign  parts." 

With  his  characteristic  energy  Mr.  Abeel  com- 
menced his  labors  as  seamen's  chaplain.  There 
occurred  many  interesting  incidents  in  the  course 
of  his  duties,  some  of  which  are  recorded  in  the  fol- 
lowing extracts  from  his  journal.  He  writes, — 
"  Before  and  since  the  absence  of  my  fellow-labor- 
ers, applications  were  made  to  hold  service  on  board 
the  few  vessels  in  port ;  but  the  haste  to  discharge 
and  reload  was  more  powerful  in  its  influence  than 
the  desire  to  '  lay  up  treasures  in  heaven.'  My  of- 
fers were  received  with  much  politeness — the  laud- 
able object  highly  appreciated — the  kindest  wishes 
expressed — but  from  some  cause,  perhaps  as  un- 
pleasant to  the  officers  of  these  vessels  as  to  us,  no 
arrangements  were  made ;  and  of  course,  nothing 
was  effected.  This  is  by  no  means  unexpected, 
neither  is  there  any  reason  to  believe  there  will  be 
the  same  obstacles  after  divine  worship  is  regularly 
established  at  the  place. 

"  Early  in  the  summer,  a  sailor  from  one  of  the 
ships  had  his  limb  fractured,  and  was  brought  to 
Canton  for  surgical  attendance.  His  escape  from 
death  appeared  miraculous.  He  fell  from  a  great 
elevation,  struck  the  rigging,  was  turned  from  his 
perpendicular  descent,  and  thrown  into  one  of  the 
*  tops.'  This  marked  interposition  of  an  overruRfig 
power  produced  no  impression  of  gratitude  or  re- 
pentance.    He  was  attended  by  a  companion  who 


70  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

had  been  educated  in  one  of  the  Lutheran  churches 
in  Germany,  was  circumspect  in  his  deportment, 
but  by  no  means  satisfactory  in  the  evidences  he 
gave,  of  Christian  character.  He  had  possessed  a 
Bible,  but  a  mischievous  monkey  had  destroyed  it. 
They  were  each  furnished  with  the  word  of  God  by 
us,  and  with  such  books  as  were  deemed  most  appli- 
cable. It  was  not  long  before  the  mind  of  the  Ger- 
man received  such  an  impression  from  the  truth,  as 
favored  the  conclusion,  that  if  he  was  previously 
converted,  he  had  been  aroused  from  a  deep  slum- 
ber ;  and,  if  not,  had  now  experienced  '  the  grace 
that  bringeth  salvation.'  He  evinced  a  deep  inter- 
est in  behalf  of  his  shipmate — deplored  his  stupidity 
— endeavored  to  arouse  his  slumbering  conscience 
by  exhortation  and  reading — and  kneeling  at  his  bed- 
side, besought  the  gracious  interposition  of  Almighty 
power. 

''  His  efforts  were  not  without  effect.  At  times 
the  invalid  appeared  to  realize  all  the  horrors  of  the 
most  hopeless  condition,  in  the  associations  of  a  sea- 
man. One  morning  he  told  me,  with  the  tear  trem- 
bling in  his  eye,  '  John  has  made  me  feel  that  I  am 
on  a  lee-shore.'  But,  alas !  to  retain  his  own  figure, 
he  soon  imagined  himself  off  again,  and  with  sea- 
room  enough  to  apprehend  no  danger  from  the  gath- 
ering storm.  After  an  absence  of  three  weeks  at 
Macao,  I  found  his  health  improved,  but  his  heart 
unchanged.  His  praying  companion  had  resigned 
his  office  to  a  youth,  whose  slender  frame  had  been 
reduced  by  the  corrosion  of  a  lingering  fever,  and 
required  the  regular  attendance  of  a  physician.    He 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  71 

had  the  most  partial  and  incorrect  ideas  of  religion, 
and  had  mistaken  himself  for  a  Christian,  and  sup- 
posed that  he  had  always  been  prepared  to  die. 

"  One  of  the  works  put  into  the  hands  of  the  elder, 
was  Baxter's  Call ;  which,  upon  inquiry,  he  acknowl- 
edged had  been  consigned  to  the  shelf,  because  its 
truths  were  too  pungent  for  his  conscience.  He 
was  urged  so  strenuously  to  its  serious  and  prayer- 
ful perusal,  that  he  engaged  to  recommence  it  with- 
out delay.  About  this  period,  the  indifference  of 
the  one  and  the  ignorance  of  the  other  appeared  to 
yield  simultaneously  to  convictions  of  guilt  and  dan- 
ger; and,  after  a  severe  struggle  through  anxious 
days  and  sleepless  nights,  the  elder  gave  all  those 
evidences  of  a  renovation  of  mind  which  generally 
result  from  this  operation  of  God's  Spirit. 

"  Two  months  have  since  elapsed ;  and  the  revo- 
lution and  correctness  of  sentiment — the  firmness 
of  purpose — the  humility,  resignation,  love,  and  sin- 
cere devotion  of  spirit,  the  fruits  of  which  his  cir- 
cumstances have  elicited — afford  very  satisfactory 
evidence,  and  make  even  the  ungodly  and  sceptical 
ascribe  the  work  to  its  legitimate  cause. 

"  Concerning  the  other,  there  is  reason  to  fear  he 
remains  in  'the  bond  of  iniquity.'  The  utmost 
caution  has  been  necessary,  to  prevent  the  cry  of 
*  peace,  when  there  is  no  peace.'  His  views  are 
daily  enlarging;  but,  though  his  knowledge  precludes 
the  same  danger  of  delusion  to  which  his  peculiar 
constitution  of  mind,  shrouded  in  previous  ignor- 
ance, exposed  him,  he  appears  yet  destitute  of  such 


72  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

a  sense  of  depravity  and  helplessness  as  drives  the 
sinner  to  his  last,  but  only  safe  retreat." 

In  one  of  his  communications  to  the  Society,  he 
gives  the  following  hints  in  reference  to  the  true  way 
of  conversing  wdth  the  sailor  on  subjects  of  religious 
interest : — 

"  Conversed  with  some  of  the  seamen,  and  was 
met  with  an  excuse  to  which  many  have  recourse, 
when  reminded  of  their  guilt  and  danger — that  a 
sailor's  life,  being  so  peculiarly  exposed  to  hardships 
and  temptations,  God  will  overlook  their  iniquities, 
and  lay  no  additional  sufferings  upon  them  in  a  fu- 
ture world.  It  requires  but  a  few  words  to  convince 
them  of  the  inefficacy  of  such  a  palliative,  and  make 
them  admit,  with  their  characteristic  candor,  that 
there  is  no  necessity  of  being  as  bad  as  they  are, 
and  that  on  land  they  are  no  better  than  at  sea. 
When  they  find  themselves  obliged  to  let  go  this 
hold,  there  is  another  at  hand  at  which  I  have  found 
the  majority  of  sailors  to  grasp,  and  to  which  they 
cling,  without  taking  the  trouble  to  look  whether 
they  are  safe  or  not.  This  is  the  absurd  system  of 
fatahty,  if  it  merits  the  name  of  system ;  which,  in 
their  belief,  answers  almost  every  question,  though 
in  fact  they  can  scarcely  make  it  apply  to  a  single 
one.  Talk  to  them  of  the  general  uncertainty  of 
life — of  their  constant  exposure  to  death — of  the  un- 
expected and  alarming  providences  they  frequently 
witness — and  to  all  they  make  the  old,  foolish,  and 
worn-out  reply :  '  You  can't  die  before  your  time 
comes.'  But  suppose  your  time  should  come  while 
you  are  cursing  God's  name  or  breaking  his  laws, 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  73 

will  it  be  any  benefit  to  know  that  your  time  had 
then  come  ? — that  you  could  not  have  died  before,  or 
lived  beyond  this  period  ?  Is  it  the  right  of  any 
man  to  determine  how  long  he  shall  live,  and  when 
die  ?  And  if  not,  does  his  ignorance  on  these  points 
entitle  him  to  a  general  license  for  sinning  ?  Is  it 
not  his  duty,  and  the  express  command  of  God,  to 
be  always  ready  ?  Beyond  this  they  often  become 
serious,  at  least  in  appearance  and  conversation,  and 
are  prepared  for  such  exhortations  as  are  calculated 
to  impress  the  mind  with  religious  conviction.  The 
wide  prevalence  of  such  sentiments  is  the  reason 
why  I  have  detailed  the  conversation.  It  may  not 
be  improper  to  mention  the  absolute  necessity  of 
fearlessness  in  those  who  desire  to  benefit  this  class 
of  men.  That  cautious  reserve,  and  those  prudent 
preliminaries,  which  are  unquestionably  expedient  in 
introducing  topics  of  religion  to  many,  are,  with 
perhaps  a  few  exceptions,  superfluous,  and  even 
injudicious,  in  conversing  with  ordinary  seamen. 
Level  the  separating  wall  which  their  imagination 
has  raised  between  you.  Show  them  that  you  are 
a  man  like  themselves,  and  that  they  are  under  ob- 
ligations to  be  as  you  are,  except  your  bonds ;  and 
you  will  find  that  the  appearance  of  candor,  sin- 
cerity, and  a  deep  interest  in  their  eternal  welfare, 
will  produce  as  much  effect  upon  the  weather-beaten 
tar  as  on  the  common  class  of  landsmen." 

After  a  course  of  successful  labor,  he  closed  his 
engagement   with    the   Seaman's   Friend   Society, 
December  20th,  1830,  and  was  transferred  to  the 
4 


74  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

care  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions. 

During  this  time  his  religious  feehngs  were  ac- 
quiring greater  soUdity,  and  his  piety  becoming  more 
elevated.  The  follov^^ing  extracts  from  his  private 
diary  will  serve  to  show  his  growth  in  grace  ;  and,  at 
the  same  time  his  increasing  distrust  of  his  own  evil 
heart,  and  desire  to  be  actuated  entirely  by  the  holiest 
and  most  unselfish  motives  in  his  duty.  The  high 
tone  of  his  piety  was  produced  by  wrestling  with 
God  day  by  day,  and  by  striving  earnestly  to  reach 
forward  to  new  attainments,  like  St.  Paul,  "pressing 
toward  the  mark  for  the  prize  of  the  high  calling  of 
God  in  Christ  Jesus." 

''June  13,  1830. — Wandering  thoughts  in  prayer, 
particularly  in  joining  with  others,  with  a  want  of 
general  solemnity  and  concentration  of  heart  and 
mind  in  spiritual  things,  render  me  odious  in  my  own 
eyes ;  how  much  more  offensive  to  a  holy  God. 
Occasionally  I  am  strengthened  to  wrestle ;  but  the 
fervor  is  but  momentary,  and  the  chill  of  death  suc- 
ceeds. I  suppose  my  proud  heart  would  never  be 
abased,  if  God  did  not  leave  me  to  myself;  but  the 
discipline  is  exceedingly  painful.  May  none  of  the 
purposes  of  his  grace  be  defeated.  I  think  I  have 
been  assisted  to  gain  the  advantage  in  a  number  of 
struggles  over  my  unyielding,  impatient  spirit.  The 
passive  virtues  of  the  Saviour's  character  I  greatly 
admire,  and  wish  never  to  contradict  or  be  excited 
by  contradiction,  when  merely  my  own  honor,  and 
not  his  glory,  is  concerned.  The  idea  of  hving  and 
dying  in  a  heathen  land,  gathers  force  every  day.     I 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  75 

wait  upon  the  Lord  to  know  his  will.     Yesterday  I 
completed  my  twenty-sixth  year.     I  have  evidence 
of  growth  in  grace  for  which  I  am  thankful,  and  pray 
that  I  may  be  more   holy  and   devoted  in  future 
May  God  awake  me  from  my  present  torpor. 

"/w7ie20,  1830.— The  passage,  *For  God,  who 
commanded  the  light  to  shine  out  of  darkness,  hath 
shined  in  our  hearts,  to  give  the  light  of  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  glory  of  God,  in  the  face  of  Jesus  Christ,' 
has  been  again  the  subject  of  awakening  and  profit- 
able reflection.  The  glory  of  God  is  the  greatest 
object  which  can  engross  the  attention  of  intelligent 
beings.  In  its  promotion,  Jehovah,  in  all  the  per- 
sons and  attributes  of  the  Godhead,  is  constantly 
engaged.  Every  angelic  and  redeemed  spirit  in 
heaven — all  the  holy  beings  in  the  universe — give 
not  a  moment's  attention  to  any  other  purpose.  Ev- 
ery event  of  Providence  in  the  natural  and  moral 
world,  throughout  all  the  realms  of  universal  do- 
minion, is  produced  or  controlled  with  this  simple  end. 
Even  the  permitted  rebellion  and  everlasting  ruin  of 
myriads  from  heaven  and  earth,  finds  an  adequate 
principle  of  interpretation  here.  Now  this  glory 
shines  conspicuously  in  the  face  of  Jesus  Christ ;  in 
other  words,  the  redemption  of  Jesus  is  pre-emi- 
nently calculated  to  display  and  promote  the  glory 
of  God.  It  was  *  the  light  of  the  knowledge,'  or  a 
clear  discovery  '  of  the  glory  of  God,  in  the  face,' — 
connected  with  the  redemption  of  Jesus  Christ — 
which  so  deeply  aflfected  the  Apostle's  mind.  He 
had  been  appointed  to  the  '  ministry  of  reconcilia- 
tion,' the  great  means  by  which  the  work  of  Jesus — 


76  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

the  glory  of  God — is  displayed  on  earth.  A  flood  of 
light  was  shed  into  his  mind.  He  felt  the  obligations 
that  bound  him  to  his  Savior's  work ;  he  saw  the 
connection  between  that  work,  and  the  glory  of  God. 
He  knew  that  his  daily  efforts  had  a  direct  and  most 
powerful  bearing  upon  the  great  aim  and  highest 
enjoyment  of  all  holy  beings — upon  the  exaltation 
of  the  Savior — the  greatest  honor  of  Jehovah 
Himself  in  the  estimation  of  his  creatures.  This 
discovery  was  overwhelming ;  and,  as  his  conduct 
proves,  continued  most  energizing  to  the  close  of  his 
career.  Everything  else  sunk  in  utter  insignifi- 
cance. Trials  and  troubles  were  overlooked,  '  they 
could  not  faint.'  Every  unlawful,  every  inferior 
object,  was  renounced.  Even  self,  with  its  many 
and  artful  solicitations,  was  forgotten.  He  was 
bound,  as  by  a  mighty  spell — bound  to  'Christ 
Jesus  the  Lord,'  and  to  the  service  of  every  one  '  for 
Jesus'  sake.'  Oh  blessed  influence,  and  blessed 
Spirit  that  produces  it.  I  thank  the  Lord  for  the 
application  of  this  subject  to  my  mind.  I  know  not 
that  any  passage  has  ever  awakened  me  so  much 
to  the  infinite  results  of  the  ministry,  as  this.  In 
dreams  of  earthly  comfort,  it  has  acted  like  a  charm. 
What  am  I,  what  those  trifles  which  have  wasted  so 
many  of  my  thoughts  and  hours  ?  What  the  posses- 
sion of  all  honors  and  the  world  itself,  to  the  glory 
of  my  God — the  results  of  my  ministry  ?" 

'^Juli/  18. — Nothing  of  importance  during  the 
past  week.  Greatly  disturbed  with  the  workings 
of  an  aspiring  heart,  and  a  vain  imagination.  To- 
day my  thoughts  have  been  much  fixed  upon  the 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  77 

overwhelming  interests  of  the  Redeenner's  kingdom. 
May  God  sanctify  this  consideration  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  every  selfish  motive.  When  I  reflect  upon 
the  plans  of  God's  wisdom  and  benevolence,  and 
remember  that  in  nothing  these  attributes  are  so 
strikingly  displayed  as  in  that  kingdom  in  which  I 
am  engaged,  and  especially,  when  I  think  of  the 
obligations  resulting  from  the  Savior's  sufferings 
and  death,  I  feel  like  forgetting  self  forever,  and 
rising  superior  to  everything  but  my  Master's  plea- 
sure. Alas  !  that  I  should  so  soon  forget  these  im- 
pressions." 

"August  16. — Was  awaked  last  night  by  a  se- 
vere dash  of  rain ;  mistook  it  for  a  typhoon,  and  en- 
joyed a  delightful  confidence  in  my  Savior's  love. 
Oh  how  inestimably  precious  religion  appears  in  the 
hour  of  danger." 

For  a  time  during  his  residence  in  Canton,  Mr. 
Abeel  suffered  much  from  depression  of  spirits, 
doubtless  produced  by  the  state  of  his  health,  which 
deeply  affected  his  religious  enjoyments;  He 
mourned  over  his  apathy  and  indifference.  He 
longed  for  those  heights  of  enjoyment  which  he  had 
been  before  permitted  to  ascend.  He  fasted  and 
prayed  that  the  root  of  bitterness  might  be  removed. 
But  he  continued  to  labor  with  all  his  accustomed 
energy,  and  his  soul  breathed  the  same  holy  desires 
to  spend  and  be  spent  in  the  Master's  service.  He 
was  soon  relieved  from  this  depression ;  yet,  it  was 
his  lot,  like  all  the  children  of  God,  to  walk  in  dark- 
ness as  w^ell  as  in  light.  He  now  devoted  "  one 
day  in  the  week  exclusively  to  personal  religion." 


78  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

His  seasons  of  private  devotion  were  observed  vs^ith 
the  greatest  care,  for  he  sought  and  found  all  his 
strength  at  the  mercy-seat.  He  also  framed  a  re- 
ligious guide  or  vade  mecum,  which  he  used  for  his 
assistance  in  the  important  duties  of  meditation  and 
self-examination.     He  thus  speaks  of  it. 

"  I  have  drawn  up  a  number  of  rules  to  be  care- 
fully pondered  every  morning,  as  a  preparation  for 
the  day ;  and  inquiries  for  the  evening,  relatfve  to 
the  manner  in  which  it  was  spent.  Such  a  system 
I  regard  as  highly  useful,  both  as  a  restraint,  and 
incentive  to  the  mind,  and  a  means  of  ascertaining 
and  improving  its  operations." 

This  vade  mecum  will  be  found  in  the  appendix 
to  this  work. 


C'HAPTER  V. 

The  time  had  now  arrived,  when  in  obedience  to 
his  instructions,  Mr.  Abeel  was  called  to  leave  Can- 
ton ;  and  proceed  under  the  patronage  of  the"  Amer- 
ican Board  of  Missions,  to  make  an  exploring  tour 
to  Java,  Malat;ca,  Siam,  and  the  islands  adjacent  to 
Eastern  Asia.  His  object  was  to  obtain  inforn:va- 
tion  in  reference  to  the  religious  condition  and 
wants  of  the  different  islands,  and  the  practicability 
of  establishing  missions  among  them. 

The  following  letter,  written  a  few  days  before 
his  departure  from  Canton,  shows  the  course  of  his 
proposed  tour.  It  was  sent  to  his  parents,  for  the 
purpose  of  calming  the  fears  which  they  entertained 
in  regard  to  his  health,  in  view  of  his  visiting  those 
islands  where  sickness  and  death  had  wrought  such 
devastation  among  the  foreign  residents. 

"Canton,  Dec.  24,  1830. 

"  As  we  expect  to  sail  on  the  27th  of  the  present 
month,  rather  sooner  than  was  anticipated  when  I 
last  wrote,  this  is  probably  my  last  letter  from  Can- 
ton. I  believe  I  mentioned  that  a  passage  had  been 
offered,  and,  as  far  as  then  could  be  determined,  I 
expected  to  accept  it.      Since  that,  I  have  been 


80  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

endeavoring  to  obtain  a  passage  in  a  French  vessel 
of  war  which  visits  Cochin  China,  and  some  of  the 
islands  ;  but  the  captain  cannot  possibly  take  me, 
*  because  all  the  space  which  could  be  appropriated 
to  passengers  has  been  pre-engaged  by  CathoHc  mis- 
sionaries/— I  suppose  in  truth,  because  I  am  a  her- 
etic, employed  in  scattering  the  seeds  of  heresy. 
The  name  of  the  ship  in  which  I  sail,  (if  I  have  not 
already  mentioned  it,)  is  the  Castle  Huntley,  Capt. 
Drummond — an  elegant  vessel,  well  manned  and 
armed ;  and  with  a  crew  of  perhaps  one  hundred 
and  thirty  or  one  hundred  and  forty  men.  What  a 
fine  congregation  for  the  short  time  I  am  in  her. 
My  ultimate  destination  is  Siam,  but  I  will  be 
obliged  to  go  by  an  indirect  route  ;  which,  as  I 
should  like  to  visit  some  of  the  Dutch  islands,  will 
probably  afford  an  opportunity.  '  But  don't  visit 
Batavia,'  I  hear  you  say.  If  I  was  an  imprudent 
sailor,  or  if  I  expected  to  hve  in  the  town,  the  ad- 
vice would  be  necessary ;  but  your  apprehensions 
should  subside,  when  you  learn,  that  if  I  go  near  it, 
as  I  probably  shall,  I  neither  expect  to  approach  it 
by  sea,  nor  spend  a  single  night  in  the  town.  The 
Dutch  consul  here,  informed  me  a  short  time  since, 
that  they  have  been  clearing  out  the  canals,  and 
opening  a  communication  to  the  sea ;  so  that  every 
tide  admits  the  pure  element,  and  of  course  carries 
off  the  offensive  substances.  Besides  this,  the  Dutch 
have  left  their  sickly  location,  and  moved  out  of  the 
town ;  and  an  American  gentleman  who  came  from 
there  recently,  mentions  that  he  does  not  remember 
to  have  seen  a  burial  during  a  visit  of  six  weeks.    It 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  81 

is  generally  among  the  shipping  and  in  the  camp, 
where  sailors  and  soldiers  reckless  of  danger  expose 
themselves  to  the  damps  of  the  night,  or  fever  their 
bodies  by  large  draughts  of  spirituous  liquors,  that 
disease  and  death  are  so  prevalent.  I  expect  to  pro- 
ceed as  far  as  Angier,  on  the  Island  of  Java — about 
sixty  miles  from  Batavia,  in  the  Castle  Huntley. 
From  that  place  I  shall  probably  cross  over  to  the 
residence  of  some  of  the  missionaries,  who  have 
been  living  many  years  in  the  country,  out  of  the 

limits  of  what  G terms  '  The  Golgotha  of  the 

East/  When  I  shall  leave  that  place,  and  whither 
proceed,  must  be  determined  in  future.  Pray  dis- 
miss your  fears  about  my  welfare.  I  am  in  the 
hands  of  One  who  is  more  interested  in  my  happi- 
ness than  all  of  you ;  and  who  will  protect  me  from 
all  dangers,  until  He  sees  proper  to  remove  me  be- 
yond their  influence.  What  more  could  you  desire, 
if  you  really  desire  my  best  interest  ?  Oh,  how  we 
mistake  on  these  points.  We  can  trust  our  senses 
farther  than  our  God ;  and  every  calculation  we 
attempt,  proceeds  on  the  unwarranted  principle  that 
the  continuance  of  mortal  life  is  more  desirable  than 
the  enjoyment  of  heavenly  perfection  and  bliss.  We 
can  ask  no  more — we  can  possibly  desire  nothing 
so  much — as  to  meet  in  the  presence  of  God ;  and 
spend  an  eternity  in  admiring  and  praising  the  ex- 
ceeding compassion  and  grace  of  Him  who  has  re- 
deemed us  with  His  own  blood,  and  made  us  kings 
and  priests  unto  God  !  Though  I  should  be,  as  you 
may  suppose,  delighted  to  meet  you  all  again  on 
earth,  it  appears  a  matter  of  the  least  importancCi 
4* 


82  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

if  we  dwell  together  forever.  I  leave  Canton  with 
some  regret.  I  believe  there  are  some  sincere 
friends  whom  I  leave.  I  go  with  many  good  let- 
ters, and  to  Christian  friends  who  know  of  my 
coming." 

At  midnight  December  25th,  he  left  Canton,  and 
reached  the  English  ship  Castle  Huntley,  whose 
chief  officer,  Capt.  Drummond,  was  a  fervent  Chris- 
tian ;  and  had  offered  him  a  gratuitous  passage  to 
Java.  In  his  diary  he  reviews  his  labors  at  Canton 
as  follows. 

'*  December  29,  1830. — Another  season  and  scene 
of  ministerial  labor  have  closed.  I  have  great  rea- 
son for  gratitude  for  the  unexpected  and  multiplied 
blessings  enjoyed  during  my  residence  here.  I 
came  a  stranger,  and  the  Lord  graciously  inclined 
them  to  take  me  in.  As  it  regards  temporal  mer- 
cies, every  want  has  been  supplied.  Not  a  fear  has 
been  realized,  nor  a  hope  blasted.  In  respect  to  the 
objects  of  my  mission,  I  hope  they  have,  at  least  in 
a  measure,  been  gained.  Without  one  exception,  I 
have  preached  every  Sabbath,  either  at  Canton, 
Whampoa,  or  Macao.  Part  of  the  time  two  ser- 
vices have  been  held.  Much  of  the  time  has  been 
spent  in  preparing  such  sermons  as  were  deemed 
applicable.  This,  in  connection  with  what  was  de- 
voted to  the  language  and  other  necessary  engage- 
ments, has  consumed  the  year.  In  my  motives  and 
efforts  to  adapt  discourses  to  my  auditories,  I  have 
no  particular  convictions  of  guilt.  Whether  the 
best  plan  was  pursued,  I  am  unable  to  decide ;  but, 
that  the  object  was  the  best  interest  of  the  comma- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  83 

nity,  I  hope  I  am  not  deceived  in  believing.  I  hope 
good  has  been  effected ;  but  I  have  much  reason  to 
suppose  that  more  could,  and  should  have  been  ac- 
complished. 

"  And  now  I  am  again  unsettled,  on  the  wide  world 
of  waters,  and  with  the  expectation  of  spending  a 
year  or  more  in  wandering.  All  is  dark  before  me, 
and  I  can  but  pray  that  my  spirit  may  be  kept  from 
the  distracting  and  deadening  influence  of  traveling 
— that  I  may  be  strengthened  to  gain  all  the  objects 
of  my  tour — and  that  my  body  may  be  preserved 
from  the  many  dangers  to  which  it  will  be  probably 
exposed.  In  Thy  hands,  great  Redeemer,  I  leave 
myself.  To  Thy  service  I  would  renew  the  dedica- 
tion of  my  soul,  my  body,  my  all.  Oh,  direct  me  in 
the  path  of  duty.  Preserve  me  from  all  sin.  Lead 
me  not  into  temptation.  Make  me  a  blessing  to 
every  brother  whom  I  may  meet.  Make  me  an  in- 
strument of  awakening  the  slumbering  churches — 
of  bringing  many  to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth — of 
gaining  every  object  of  my  tour — and,  Oh,  grant 
that  my  interest  in  this  important  cause,  may  be  in- 
creased a  hundred  fold  ;  and  that  the  time  to  favor 
this  extensive  and  populous  region  of  the  world — 
promised  to  thyself  as  thine  inheritance — may  speed- 
ily come.  From  this  hour.  Oh,  keep,  direct,  pre- 
serve, animate,  and  comfort  my  soul.  Let  me  not 
follow  the  devices  and  desires  of  my  own  heart. 
May  every  way  be  closed  but  the  one  in  which  I 
should  go, — may  every  obstacle  be  removed  to  the 
conversion  of  the  heathen." 

While  on  board  this  vessel  he  exercised  all  the 


84  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

privileges,  and  performed  the  duties  of  a  chaplain 
among  its  numerous  crew ;  receiving  at  the  same 
time,  much  assistance  from  the  commanding  officer 
himself.  He  writes, — "  The  Castle  Huntley,  though 
rather  inferior  in  dimensions  to  some  of  the  vessels 
in  the  same  service,  exceeds  thirteen  hundred  tons 
in  burden,  carries  twenty-six  guns,  and  has  a  crew 
of  a  hundred  and  forty  men.  Every  ship  of  this 
kind  affords  scope  for  the  most  zealous  chaplain ; 
and  if,  as  in  the  present  instance,  favored  with  the 
advice,  the  co-operation,  and  the  prayers  of  the 
commander,  the  prospect  of  success  is  highly  ani- 
mating. Whenever  the  weather  admitted,  we  had 
divine  service  every  Sabbath  morning,  on  deck ; 
and  every  evening  in  the  cuddy.  A  part  of  almost 
every  day  was  spent  on  the  gun-deck  among  the 
crew,  visiting  the  sick,  instructing  the  ignorant,  and 
exhorting  all  '  to  repent  and  believe.'  " 

Having  arrived  at  Angier,  the  port  of  supplies  for 
vessels  that  stop  at  the  Island  of  Java,  he  crossed 
the  island  by  stage  to  Batavia,  which  place  he 
reached  on  the  20th  of  January,  1831.  He  found 
a  home  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Med  hurst,  whom  he 
assisted  in  missionary  duties  while  he  remained  in 
Java.  He  also  employed  himself  in  studying  the 
Chinese  language.  A  view  of  his  labors  may  be 
obtained  from  the  following  extracts  from  his  jour- 
nal : — 

"  Having  accepted  the  kind  invitation  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Medhurst,  to  take  up  my  residence  with  them, 
I  employed  my  time  principally,  in  accompanying 
the  missionary  in  his  daily  labors  among  t"he  heathen, 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  85 

and  in  studying  that  dialect  of  the  Chinese  language 
which  is  most  current  in  their  foreign  settlements." 
"  January  26. — Spent  part  of  this  morning  among 
the  Chinese  residents  in  town.  Mr.  M.  generally 
devotes  a  portion  of  every  day  to  visiting  the  na- 
tives and  Chinese,  for  the  purpose  of  conversing, 
and  distributing  tracts.  In  every  house  where  there 
appears  a  probability  of  engaging  the  occupants  in 
conversation,  he  enters — sometimes  by  invitation — 
generally,  'sans  ceremonie.'  The  Chinese  sense  of 
poHteness  is  such,  as  always  to  secure  him  a  recep- 
tion sufficient  for  his  purpose.  If  not  too  much  oc- 
cupied, they  listen  with  apparent  attention,  and  re- 
ceive the  tracts  readily.  To  the  dwellings  of  the 
Malay,  there  is  not  the  same  liberty  of  access." 

"  February  14. — Yesterday,  (Sabbath)  besides  the 
ordinary  English  and  Malay  services  in  the  mission 
chapel,  we  visited  a  large  prison  containing  about 
three  hundred  native  convicts.  The  missionary,  or 
one  of  the  young  men  who  assist  him,  holds  service 
here  every  Sabbath.  It  was  a  subject  of  consider- 
able anxiety  to  the  prisoners,  chiefly  Mahometans, 
at  the  commencement  of  these  religious  exercises, 
to  ascertain  the  precise  objects  of  the  preacher. 
Some  imagined  that  the  redemption  to  which  he  re- 
ferred, was  deliverance  from  chains  and  imprison- 
ment. Others  were  filled  with  apprehension,  and 
fancied  from  his  statements  of  the  evil  and  demerit 
of  sin,  that  they  were  forthwith  to  be  sold  as  slaves, 
and  transported  to  some  distant  country.  With  a 
few  exceptions,  they  all  assembled  beneath  a  cluster 
of  large  shady  trees,  and  remained  in  a  sitting  pos- 


86  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ture  until  the  services  were  closed.  The  counte- 
nances of  many  of  them  disclosed  an  interest  in  the 
subject  which  could  not  fail  to  animate  the  speaker. 
One  of  the  prisoners  who  died  a  short  time  since, 
gave  pleasing  evidence  of  the  benefit  of  these  in- 
structions ;  and  confided  his  departing  spirit  into  the 
hands  of  the  Savior,  of  whom  he  had  first  heard 
in  this  place  of  confinement.  Thus  the  very  prison 
may  become  the  gate  of  heaven  ;  and  the  fetters  of 
the  guilty,  the  appointed  instrument  to  keep  them 
back  from  destruction,  and  '  compel  them  to  come 
in/  " 

'^  March  29. — Having  made  arrangements  to  make 
a  tour  of  about  sixteen  or  eighteen  miles  in  the 
country,  we  arose  this  morning,  and  pursued  our 
journey  some  distance   by  the  light  of  the  moon. 
The  undisturbed  serenity  of  the  hour,  the  sombre 
shade  of  the  forest,  and  the  pale  beauties  of  the  open 
landscape — the  freshness  of  the  dewy  morning — 
and,  above  all,  the   tranquilizing   influence  of  the 
moon  with  its  thousand  associations — combined  to 
produce  the   most  delightful  eflfect  upon  the  mind, 
sobered  by  a  temporary  suspension  of  thought,  and 
still  unruffled  by  the  cares  of  the  day.     One  of  the 
descendants  of  the  royal  family  joined  us  on  horse- 
back, and  continued  some  distance  in  the  way  we 
were  traveling.     He  conversed  sensibly  on  the  sub- 
ject of  religion ;  and  although  professedly  Mahom- 
etan, did  not   pretend   to  palliate   the   evil   conse- 
quences of  some  o{  the  prophet's  doctrines,  nor  refuse 
to  receive  a  Christian  book.     About  nine  o'clock 
we  reached  a  small  settlement  of  Portuguese,  whose 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  87 

ancestors,  by  the  might  and  power  of  the  sword, 
were  obliged  to  renounce  CathoHcism,  and  embrace 
the  Protestant  faith.  Having  left  word  that  we 
would  return  in  time  to  preach,  we  continued  our 
journey  about  three  miles  farther,  to  the  market- 
place. 

"  In  this  part  of  our  way,  the  country  was  adorned 
with  the  most  extensive  groves  of  cocoanuts  I  ever 
beheld.  The  oil  of  this  nut  is  much  employed  by 
the  natives,  both  in  their  cooking  and  in  anointing 
their  bodies.  By  the  time  we  reached  our  place 
of  destination  the  rays  of  the  sun  were  very  oppres- 
sive ;  but  the  shade  under  which  the  natives  assem- 
bled, afforded  some  relief,  and  enabled  us  to  prosecute 
our  labors.  Mr.  M.  and  the  Amboynese  convert 
who  accompanied  us,  spent  two  or  three  hours  in 
preaching  to  the  natives,  and  distributing  books. 
The  crowd  was  not  as  great  as  at  other  places  we 
had  visited,  although  the  tracts  were  disposed  of 
with  little  difficulty. 

"  We  returned  to  the  Portuguese  settlement  about 
mid-day  ;  and  after  resting  an  hour,  and  taking  some 
refreshment,  were  invited  to  the  house  of  God  by 
the  familiar  tones  of  the  church-going  bell.  About 
thirty  convened  in  an  old  building  erected  in  1674, 
after  the  ancient  style  of  Dutch  architecture.  Mr. 
Medhurst  addressed  the  assembly,  endeavoring  to 
impress  some  of  the  lessons  of  Christianity,  which  it 
is  very  evident  they  knew  merely  in  theory.  They 
had  been  favored  with  the  labors  of  a  missionary, 
whose  bones  now  repose  before  the  door  of  the 
church.     To  me  the  occasion  was  unusually  impres- 


88  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sive ;  and  though  I  understood  but  little  of  the  lan- 
guage, my  reflections  were,  I  hope,  not  without  profit. 
It  was  strange  to  find  a  house  dedicated  to  God 
amid  these  wilds  of  heathenism ; — strange  that  it 
should  have  stood  a  century  and  a  half  in  such  a 
place — and  still  more  deplorable  than  strange,  that 
its  light  should  have  been  so  completely  lost  during 
all  this  time,  in  the  darkness  that  surrounds  it. 

"  These  facts  show  the  extensive  sphere  for  mis- 
sionary labor  in  Java.  At  the  same  time  they  give 
but  a  very  partial  view  of  the  various  scenes  of 
labor  and  interest,  which  might  have  been  daily 
visited,  had  our  number  borne  some  trifling  propor- 
tion to  our  opportunities  of  usefulness.  The  towns, 
the  roads,  the  native  schools,  and,  above  all,  the  pas- 
sees  or  bazaars,  (as  they  are  termed  in  India,)  which 
are  held  in  every  part  of  the  surrounding  country, 
furnish  scope  for  the  zeal  of  a  large  number  of  mis- 
sionaries. 

"  These  labors,  with  the  regular  services  in  Eng- 
lish and  Malay — the  visitation  of  the  Chinese — su- 
perintendence of  schools — the  never-ending  study  of 
languages  and  preparation  of  books — besides  all  the 
various  charitable  objects  in  which  the  missionary 
must  be  the  chief  agent, — and  his  own  duties  of 
every  day's  recurrence, — constitute  the  immense 
burden  which  is  made  to  rest  with  its  chief  w^eight 
upon  the  shoulders  of  one  man.  Soon  may  this 
neglected  island  receive  the  attention  it  claims  from 
the  Christian  world." 

On  the  4th  of  June,  Mr.  Abeel  left  Batavia,  to 
prosecute  his  investigations  in  regard  to  other  places. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  89 

He  reached  Singapore  after  a  passage  of  ten 
days.  There  he  met  his  fellow-laborer  Mr.  Tom- 
lin,  who  was  awaiting  an  opportunity  of  going  to 
Siam.  They  found  a  vessel,  which  was  about  to  sail 
after  such  a  delay  as  w^as  needed  by  them  for  nec- 
essary arrangements.  They  embarked  on  the  17th, 
and  reached  Siam  on  the  30th  of  June,  where  they 
were  kindly  entertained  by  the  Portuguese  consul 
resident  at  Bankok,  a  Roman  Catholic  by  birth  and 
profession,  but  a  man  of  very  liberal  views  and 
great  hospitality. 

Mr.  Abeel  had  anticipated  much  pleasure  from 
the  thought  of  meeting  that  indefatigable  laborer, 
GutzlafF,  at  Siam  ;  but  he  was  disappointed,  as  that 
gentleman  had  left  the  island  the  preceding  day. 

His  visit  to  Siam  extended  to  six  months,  during 
which  time  he  engaged  with  great  diligence  in  mis- 
sionary labor,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  ex- 
tracts from  letters  written  at  this  time. 


"  Bankok,  Sum,  July  6,  1831. 
"  I  v^ote  you  before  I  left  Singapore.  On  Fri- 
day morning,  June  17,  we  embarked  in  an  Arab 
vessel,  commanded  by  an  English  captain;  and  af- 
ter a  pleasant  passage  of  two  weeks,  arrived  at  this 
place.  On  our  arrival  here  we  were  well  received 
by  Mr.  Carlos,  the  Portuguese  consul — a  Catholic 
by  education,  but  too  wise  to  be  captivated  by  their 
foolish  ceremonies. .  He  proved  a  real  friend  to  the 
missionaries  before,  and  has  again  evinced  his  hos- 
pitality and  good  feeling.  He  has  no  especial  re- 
gard for  religion,  but  appears  to  be  governed  by  the 


90  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

impulses  of  an  amiable  and  benevolent  heart.  The 
Lord  has  certainly  raised  him  up  for  his  own  pur- 
poses, and  we  have  much  cause  of  gratitude. 

"  We  have  brought  with  us  a  good  supply  of  medi- 
cines and  books  for  gratuitous  distribution.  Expect 
to  have  our  establishment  well  filled  with  invalids, 
and  our  hands  with  labor.  My  little  attention  to 
medicine  has  not  been  in  vain.  It  produced  a  spirit 
of  inquiry  on  the  subject ;  and  resulted  in  qualifica- 
tions which  I  shall  now  begin  to  find  useful.  How 
wonderful  are  the  Lord's  ways!  How  far  from  my 
thoughts  was  the  ministry,  or  the  missionary  work, 
when  I  commenced  the  study  of  medicine. 

"  We  have  seen  so  little  of  Siam,  that  I  will  defer 
a  description  of  the  place.  Our  prospects  we  con- 
sider encouraging,  and  our  hearts  rejoice  in  the 
privilege  of  laboring  in  such  a  cause. 

"  For  my  own  part,  I  know  not  whether  I  have 
ever  enjoyed  clearer  indications  of  the  Lord's  will, 
than  in  my  present  engagements.  I  can  live  and 
die  with  pleasure  in  heathen  lands.  Instead  of  be- 
ing disheartened  by  the  difficulties  and  privations, 
which,  I  acknowledge,  once  appeared  appalling  to 
my  weak  faith  and  slothful  spirit,  I  can  scarcely 
find  the  mountains  over  which  the  path  ascends ; 
and  feel  as  though  I  had  sacrificed  nothing  at  all. 
Not  that  I  love  you  and  country  less  than  formerly, 
but  that  the  Lord  has  mercifully  revealed  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  work  in  which  I  am  employed ;  and 
given  me  such  an  interest  in  it,  as  leaves  no  dis- 
position, to  engage  in  any  other  department  of  min- 
isterial duty.     I  am  fully  convinced  that  he  who  is 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  91 

wise  enough  to  sacrifice  all  for  Christ,  shall  be  happy- 
enough,  to  regard  his  loss,  of  no  comparison  with  his 
gain." 

"  Bankok,  Sept.  1,  1831. 
"  Nearly  two  months  have  passed  since  Mr.  Tom- 
lin  and  myself  reached  this  place — during  which 
time  we  have  had  our  hands,  and  heads,  and  hearts 
quite  occupied.  We  expected  to  find  Mr.  GutzlafF 
here ;  but,  as  I  mentioned  in  my  last,  he  had  sailed 
for  China  a  short  time  previous  to  our  arrival.  Our 
house  was  soon  opened  for  the  reception  of  inva- 
lids, and  all  who  might  feel  disposed  to  call  for  more 
important  objects ;  and  not  a  day  has  passed,  with- 
out applications  for  medicines  and  books.  Of  the 
former  we  brought  a  good  supply,  sent  out  by  the 
London  Missionary  Society.  Chinese  books  we 
have  in  large  quantities,  and  three  hundred  vSiamese 
tracts,  (the  first  Christian  works,  of  any  size  in  the 
language,)  were  brought  with  us  from  Singapore. 
Until  ihe  tracts,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  un- 
bound copies,  were  gone,  the  house  presented  a 
lively  scene.  Men  and  women  of  almost  all  ranks 
have  called,  or  sent  for  the  Nung  soo  Prah  Chow 
Sa-see,  as  they  call  it,  (the  book  of  the  Lord  Jesus.) 
It  is  to  us  a  cheering  fact,  that  the  books  have  been 
so  widely  circulated  ;  and  that  there  are  such  num- 
bers in  the  kingdom,  both  willing  and  able  to  read 
them.  Education  is  very  prevalent.  My  teacher 
informs  me,  that  nearly  all  the  community  can  read. 
This,  and  other  considerations,  render  Siam  a  most 
promising  missionary  field.     I  know  not  that  I  have 


93  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ever  felt  so  interested  in  the  conversion  of  the 
heathen  world,  as  lately.  How  is  it  possible  to 
resist  the  impression,  when  you  find  such  numbers 
around  you,  in  gross  ignorance,  willing  to  read 
Christian  books,  and  some  few  of  them  apparently 
anxious  to  know  the  truth.  Thus  far  there  has  been 
a  barrier  between  my  tongue  and  their  understand- 
ings ;  and  I  can  assure  you,  I  feel  as  though  I  can 
have  but  little  rest,  until  it  is  removed.  My  health 
continues  very  good,  and  enables  me  to  study  with 
no  ill  effects.  Occasionally,  I  receive  a  flying  visit 
from  my  old  companion ;  but  since  I  landed  on  the 
shores  of  China,  I  have  known  very  little  of  former 
troubles.  The  Lord  has  dealt  with  me  in  infinite 
mercy.  I  never  expected  to  have  the  bodily  vigor 
and  endurance,  with  which  I  have  been  blessed.  I 
recollect,  when  the  thought  of  attacking  a  difficult 
language  was  quite  appalling.  But,  '  as  thy  day,  so 
shall  thy  strength  be.'  I  find,  so  far  as  it  regards 
application  of  mind,  I  have  been  strengthened  to 
make  some  head  against  one  of  the  most  difficult 
languages  in  the  world ;  and  am  by  no  means  dis- 
couraged in  attempting  another.  I  did  not  know 
whether  I  should  commence  these  studies,  when  I 
left  Canton,  at  least  for  the  present;  but  when  I 
reached  Batavia,  and  saw  my  brother,  to  whom  I 
soon  found  myself  warmly  attached,  engaged  from 
day  to  day  instructing  the  ignorant  of  other  tongues, 
my  mind  soon  became  fixed,  on  the  subject  of  duty ; 
and  has  never  swerved  a  moment  since.  I  do  not 
know  how  often  I  have  felt  grateful  since,  that  the 
Lord  inclined  me  to  that  step.    In  fact,  I  must  have 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  93 

remained  miserable,  as  long  as  I  deferred  it.  I  had 
time  and  strength  ;  and  was  called  to  see  what  mul- 
titudes were  pleading  with  resistless  eloquence,  for 
what  I  scarcely  should  have  known  how  to  employ. 
Now,  though  with  a  very  stammering  tongue,  I  can 
tell  the  heathen  of  the  true  God,  of  whom  many  of 
them  declare  they  have  never  heard ;  and  of  the 
only  Savior  to  whom  they  can  look  for  eternal  life. 
The  Lord  has  plainly  taught  me,  that  I  have  not 
mistaken  my  duty.  My  own  conscience  bears  am- 
ple testimony,  and  the  dispensations  of  His  provi- 
dence are  quite  unequivocal.  In  all  probability,  my 
fellow -laborer  will  be  obliged  to  leave  Si  am  before 
many  months.  Besides  having  a  family  at  Singa- 
pore, his  health  is  so  feeble,  that  I  do  not  believe  he 
can  remain  here  long.  He  was  compelled  to  leave 
before,  as  you  may  see  in  his  journal ;  and  the  same 
events  I  have  constantly  anticipated  since  we  land- 
ed. The  consequence  would  have  probably  been, 
that  one  of  the  most  promising  fields  in  heathen 
lands  must  be  deserted ;  and  that,  at  the  very  time, 
when  the  minds  of  the  people  appear  most  stirred 
up  for  Christian  instruction.  Thus,  you  may  see, 
my  way  for  the  present  is  hedged  in.  I  have  heard 
some  mention  made  about  the  London  Society  ap- 
pointing missionaries  to  Siam  ;  but  whether  the  men 
have  been  found,  and  when  they  will  be  sent,  are 
uncertain.  They  may  be  here  by  the  first  arrival, 
or  may  delay  years.  I  intend  to  press  the  point  with 
the  American  Board  ;  and  sincerely  hope,  that  they 
may  send  out  a  detachment  to  these  destitute  re- 
gions. 


94  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  I  doubt  whether  any  mention  was  made  in  my 
last  of  Bankok — I  mean  its  appearance,  &c.  I  have 
been  but  once  in  the  thickly  inhabited  parts  of  what 
may  be  termed  the  city,  although  the  circumjacent 
country,  or  rather  that  part  of  it  bordering  the  river, 
deserves  that  name.  For  some  miles  the  river  is  lined 
with  houses,  many  of  them  built  on  rafts  ;  beneath 
which  is  such  a  depth  of  water,  that  the  ship  in  which 
we  came,  parted  from  her  moorings,  and  came  in  con- 
tact with  them  without  touching  the  bottom.  These 
buildings  are  generally  frail  and  contracted,  and  ap- 
pear much  like  an  Indian's  wigwam.  The  walled 
city  contains  a  number  of  rather  splendid  edifices. 
The  palace,  and  many  of  the  pagodas,  are  quite 
gaudy,  if  not  imposing.  We  live  about  two  miles 
below  the  palace  ;  and  between  us  and  the  city,  is 
an  extensive  Chinese  settlement.  The  houses  ex- 
tend quite  a  distance  below  us.  For  miles,  espe- 
cially in  our  vicinity,  there  are  no  streets,  nothing 
but  a  narrow  pathway,  constructed  in  many  places 
of  slabs  of  timber,  raised  about  a  foot  above  the 
muddy  surface  of  the  ground.  These  paths  wind 
in  almost  every  direction,  and  lead  you  through  all 
kinds  of  places.  Beyond  the  range  of  houses  are 
gardens,  cultivated,  and  kept  in  good  condition. 
Then  come  the  rice  fields,  which  extend  over  a 
level,  uninteresting  surface,  for  many  miles.  The 
whole  country  is  exceedingly  low,  without  the  least 
hill  for  a  long  distance ;  and  generally  so  satura- 
ted with  water,  that,  were  it  not  for  the  plank 
walk,  you  could  not  get  along.  In  the  dry  season, 
it  is  said  to  be  better,  and  to  admit  of  quite  exten- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  95 

sive  ranges,  even  in  the  rice  fields.  The  people 
have  very  little  idea  of  refinement,  or  even  of  de- 
cency, if  our  standard  be  correct.  They  go  almost 
naked,  and  in  their  conduct  are  very  puerile.  We 
are  often  amused  with  their  simplicity  ;  and  led  to 
hope  that  they  will  more  readily  yield  to  religious  in- 
fluence, than  the  self-exalted  Chinamen.  Even  men 
of  the  first  respectability,  will  examine  your  clothes 
and  person  with  a  monkey's  curiosity,  and  express 
all  the  surprise  of  children  as  they  proceed.  The 
proportion  of  priests  is  almost  incredible,  probably 
no  less  than  10,000  in  Bankok  and  the  suburbs. 
They  are  among  our  daily  visitors,  and  some  days 
there  will  be  about  twenty  at  one  time.  Oh,  how  I 
long  for  the  language,  to  embrace  these  favorable 
opportunities." 

The  following  are  extracts  from  the  journal  of  his 
labors  at  this  time  : — 

"  July  25. — Since  our  arrival,  the  medical  depos- 
itory has  been  a  scene  of  much  activity,  from  the 
numerous  <;alls  for  aid.  The  diseases  of  the  natives 
are  various  ;  many  of  them  brought  upon  them- 
selves by  their  iniquities,  and  some  of  a  deep  and 
desperate  malignity.  Our  want  of  extensive  sci- 
ence and  practice,  more  especially  my  own,  proves 
rather  inconvenient  in  cases  of  a  complicated  na- 
ture;  but  generally,  and  at  times,  strikingly,  our 
prescriptions  are  made  to  answer  the  desired  end." 

''August  1. — Whenever  the  weather  would  ad- 
mit, we  have  spent  an  hour  or  two  before  breakfast, 
in  teaching  the  people  from  house  to  house.  They 
listen  to  the   Gospel  with   attention ;   and  though 


96  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

their  own  idolatry  is  plainly  denounced,  say  nothing 
in  its  vindication.  We  daily  meet  with  the  very 
counterpart  of  characters  in  Gospel  lands ;  men 
who  will  take  the  subject  from  your  lips,  and  des- 
cant upon  it  with  eloquence  to  those  around  them, 
but  who  evidently  know  little  of  its  import,  and 
nothing  of  its  power.  Their  eloquence  is  exhausted 
upon  minor  topics  ;  and  when  reminded  of  the  great 
mysteries  of  the  Gospel, — the  points  of  difference 
between  Christianity  and  the  ethics  of  Confucius — 
they  show  by  their  silence  that  they  are  quite  as  ig- 
norant as  their  audience." 

The  missionaries  were  frequently  visited  and  en- 
couraged by  the  royal  family  of  Siam.  Their  in- 
tercourse with  them  was  frequent  and  unrestricted. 
They  had  no  lack  of  visitors  of  every  description, 
and  hearers  on  all  occasions.  Everything  gave  in- 
dication of  success,  if  the  labors  could  be  carried  on 
with  a  sufficient  force. 

But  the  instructions  which  he  had  received,  as 
well  as  the  state  of  his  health,  demanded  that  Mr. 
Abeel  should  make  further  explorations.  Accord- 
ingly, on  January  14th,  1832,  he  left  Bankok  for  the 
purpose  of  visiting  Singapore  and  Malacca.  In  the 
former  place  he  had  remained  for  three  days  on  his 
way  to  Siam  ;  the  latter  he  had  not  as  yet  visited. 

He  arrived  at  Singapore  on  the  22nd  of  January, 
and  continued  there  until  March.  Having  opportu- 
nities for  exercise,  which  were  denied  him  at  Siam, 
he  soon  recovered.  His  strength  returned  ;  and  he 
then  made  a  short  but  delightful  visit  to  Malacca, 


MEMOIR    OF    D-AVID    ABEEL.  97 

to  the  Chinese  college  established  there  by  Dr.  Mor- 
rison. 

During  these  visits  he  was  continually  engaged 
in  missionary  labors.  He  was  now  able  to  com- 
municate with  the  Chinese,  and  he  assisted  the  mis- 
sionaries at  Singapore,  as  well  as  at  Java,  by  dis- 
tributing books,  and  conversing  with  the  sailors  and 
Chinese  residents.  He  never  rested  from  his  labors 
except  when  so  much  indisposed  as  to  be  unable  to 
endure  any  exertion.  He  was  a  co-worker  with 
the  missionary  wherever  he  went,  it  mattered  not 
what  was  the  denominational  difference  between 
them.  His  spirit  was  eminently  catholic ;  and  he 
paid  no  attention  to  any  distinction  of  creed,  if  men 
only  built  upon  the  rock  Christ  Jesus,  and  labored 
for  His  glory.  He  was  willing  to  be  the  servant  of 
any,  if  he  might  thereby  serve  Christ. 

Thus  far,  there  have  been  no  extracts  made  from 
his  diary,  showing  the  state  and  growth  of  his  re- 
ligious feelings  during  the  time  embraced  in  this 
chapter.  The  diary  is  so  full  of  lofty  sentiment, 
and  manifests  so  devoted,  humble  a  spirit,  that  it 
seems  expedient,  instead  of  disconnecting  it,  to  pre- 
sent the  extracts  at  the  close  of  every  chapter  in  a 
continuous  manner.  Thus  the  reader  can  compre- 
hend more  easily  the  great  moving  principles  of  his 
conduct,  and  the  chief  themes  of  his  meditation ; 
and  learn  more  fully  what  manner  of  man  he  was, 
in  all  zeal,  and  spiritual  knowledge,  and  consecra- 
tion. 

''January  29,  1831. — My  mind  has  been  more 
than  ordinarily  aroused,  by  the  eternity  which  I 
5 


98  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

hope  to  spend  with  my  God  and  Savior.  Strange 
that  such  a  hope  would  admit  the  least  approach  to 
apathy  and  slothfulness ;  and  yet,  alas!  I  sink  into  a 
torpor,  and  often  remain  for  weeks  without  an  ani- 
mating thought  of  my  eternal  home.  Oh,  I  cannot 
but  question  whether  '  my  life  is  hid  with  Christ  in 
God,'  when  I  am  so  much  of  my  time  unconscious 
of  the  motives  to  effort,  and  sources  of  happiness 
which  are  fully  perceived  when  the  soul  awakes 
to  its  true  relations  and  condition.  While  on  this 
island,  I  humbly  pray  that  I  may  impart  and  receive 
benefit.  My  time  I  expect  to  spend  in  preaching, 
and  studying  the  most  prevalent  languages  in  these 
regions — the  Chinese  and  Malayan.  The  Lord 
direct  whether  and  when  to  leave,  that  my  life  may 
not  be  wasted  in  preparing  for  labor,  or  in  laboring 
where  neither  the  field  or  myself  is  prepared." 

**  February  13. — Have  enjoyed  more  than  an 
ordinary  spirit  of  prayer  through  the  week.  The 
Lord  has  strengthened  me  to  wrestle  with  Him  for 
deliverance  from  sin,  and  for  zeal  and  energy  in  His 
service.  Have  seldom,  if  ever,  felt  stronger  faith 
in  the  promise  and  determination  of  the  Lord  to 
convert  the  world.  How  delightful  to  plead  with 
earnestness  for  an  object  of  such  incalculable  im- 
portance, when  the  Lord  has  revealed  it  as  his  gra- 
cious purpose.  Besides,  the  signs  of  the  times  are 
more  encouraging  in  these  regions,  than  ever.  We 
are  greeted  ^yith  pleasing  intelligence  from  our 
brethren  in  other  fields,  and  cannot  but  believe  that 
the  day  is  approaching,  when  '  the  kingdoms  of  this 
world  shall  become,'  &o.     The  ability  of  God   to 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  99 

convert  the  world  by  the  means  now  employed, 
though  always  admitted,  has  never  been  so  deeply 
impressed  on  my  mind  as  recently.  Should  every 
sermon,  and  exhortation,  and  conversation,  be  at- 
tended by  the  operation  of  His  Holy  Spirit,  how 
soon  the  world  would  be  converted.  And  until  that 
Almighty  Agent  deigns  to  co-operate  with  human  in- 
struments, what  can  be  expected  from  these  means 
though  multiplied  a  hundred  fold." 

"  April  3. — Enjoyed  the  blessed  privilege  of  com- 
memorating the  Savior's  dying  love  this  morning. 
It  was  a  pleasant  season,  and  I  pray  God  that  it 
may  tend  to  strengthen  my  Christian  graces,  and 
destroy  the  principles  of  strong  depravity  in  my 
soul.  My  spirit  is  often  refreshed  and  enlarged  in 
prayer,  and  I  have  reason  to  hope  some  sins  are 
losing  their  power.  I  believe  I  feel  not  only  recon- 
ciled to  the  thought  of  seeing  my  dear  friends  no 
more,  but  anxious  that  such  scenes  of  interest  and 
labor  may  be  presented,  as  shall  demand  my  pres- 
ence. I  desire  this  night  to  surrender  myself  into 
the  hands  of  my  gracious  Redeemer,  to  be  employed 
through  all  my  remaining  days  as  shall  be  most  con- 
sistent with  His  will  and  glory.  Lord  Jesus  direct, 
sanctify,  enliven  ;  and  may  I  be  thine  in  time  and 
through  eternity." 

"  August  17. — The  Lord  continues  to  deal  most 
mercifully.  He  has  given  me  some  idea  of  the  ex- 
ceeding grace  conferred  upon  me, — '  Unto  me  who 
am  less  than  the  least  of  all  saints,  is  this  grace 
given,  that  I  should  preach  among  the  Gentiles  the 
unsearchable  riches  of  Christ.'     I  esteem  it  a  great 


100  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

honor.  Oh,  Lord,  1  bless  thee  for  it,  and  beseech 
thee  for  a  daily  conviction  of  my  w^eakness.  Oh, 
for  the  deepest  humihty — for  such  a  knowledge  of 
myself,  without  the  evidence  of  outbreaking  iniqui- 
ties, as  shall  force  home  the  conclusion  that  I  am 
not  worthy  to  be  called  a  saint.  Alas !  the  want  of 
lowhness  of  mind  is  a  principal  source  of  grief.  If 
I  loved  Jesus  more,  I  believe  I  should  be  more  af- 
fected by  my  want  of  conformity  to  His  holy  image, 
and  my  rebellion  against  his  laws.  Greatly  have  I 
been  favored.  The  Lord's  Spirit  often  refreshes 
me.  Seldom  have  I  possessed  such  lively  views  of 
my  heavenly  rest, — seldom  such  a  firm  belief  of  the 
Lord's  willingness  and  determination  to  save  me. 
Faith  is  indeed  the  '  substance  of  things  hoped  for.' 
The  certainty  of  its  object  has  been  impressed  upon 
my  mind  to  the  expulsion  of  all  recent  doubts.  A 
sight  of  Christ  and  eternity  could  add  nothing  to  the 
reality.  If  my  Father  has  given  His  Son,  what  can 
be  withholden  ?  The  question  of  salvation  is  settled. 
He  must  be  exceedingly  desirous  to  redeem  sinners  ; 
and  how  is  it  possible  that  any  can  perish  who  fix 
the  eye  of  faith  upon  a  bleeding  Saviour.  It  appears, 
that  the  apprehensions  of  many  Christians,  are  con- 
sistent only  with  the  deepest  ingratitude,  and  most 
unprovoked  suspicion  of  the  Lord's  mercy  and  truth. 
When  I  sin,  I  know  I  think  differently  and  reason 
differently  ;  but  how  can  my  sins  invalidate  God's 
truth.  If  He  was  not  infinitely  more  desirous  to 
save  us,  than  we  are  to  be  saved,  would  He  have 
given  His  only  Son  ?  I  have  reason  to  believe,  that 
my  mind  is  becoming  more  exclusively  devoted  to 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  101 

the  Savior's  glory.  I  feel  more  than  ever,  as 
though  I  should  have  no  hesitancy,  were  the  points 
determined,  in  laboring  where  I  can  be  most  useful. 
My  mind,  I  thankfully  believe,  is  rising  above  its  nat- 
ural and  self-indulgent  predilections  ;  and  begins  to 
look  at  the  blessed  Redeemer,  and  His  kingdom,  with 
an  interest  more  consistent  with  the  perfection  of 
His  character,  the  magnitude  of  His  love,  and  the 
benevolence  of  His  purpose.  Oh,  my  God  !  I  desire 
nothing  so  much  as  the  triumphant  ascendency  of  a 
Savior's  love  in  my  heart,  and  the  privilege  of  be- 
ing instrumental  in  aiding  in  the  conversion  of  the 
world.  Grant  me  the  gifts  and  graces  of  thy  Spirit, 
and  from  this  hour,  keep  me  from  deviating  from  / 
the  path  of  duty,  for  thy  Son's  sake.  -^ 

"  21. — Ebenezer !  What  shall  I  render  to  the  Lord 
for  his  many,  many  mercies.  My  health  experienced 
something  of  a  shock,  but  the  Lord  has  again  res- 
tored it.  I  have  enjoyed  the  marrow  and  fatness 
of  the  word,  and  have  been  enabled  to  pour  out  my 
soul  in  prayer  for  the  whole  world.  But  alas  !  I  am 
daily  reminded  of  my  pride  and  corruption  of  heart. 
The  passage,  '  Ye  are  dead  and  your  life  is  hid  witlT^. 
Christ  in  God,'  has  startled  me.  I  often  fear  that 
these  strong  expressions  cannot  apply  to  me,  without 
an  unwarranted  latitude  of  meaning.  Oh,  Jesus! 
may  I  be  crucified  with  thee,  and  live  only  to  thee. 
My  dear  relatives,  Christian  friends,  and  ungodly  ac- 
quaintances, with  all  who  call  upon  the  Lord  Jesus 
in  sincerity,  and  all  who  stand  in  need  of  his  grace, 
are  subjects  of  especial  interest  on  this  sacred  day." 

"  28.  God's  exceeding   kindness   to  His  prodigal 


102  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

son  has  greatly  encouraged  my  confidence.  '  For 
thou  Lord  art  good,  and  ready  to  forgive,  and  plen- 
teous in  mercy  unto  all  them  that  call  upon  thee/ 
What  a  joy  inspiring  truth  !  What  have  I  to  fear  ? 
I  think  my  mind  has  received  something  of  a  new 
impression ;  before,  I  knew  the  rapidity  of  time,  but 
felt  it  more  forcibly  when  past — now  I  seem  to  see  it 
gliding  by  me.  Oh,  the  fleetness  of  its  wings  !  Lord 
help  me  to  improve  it.  Still  much  to  mourn  over — 
too  little  of  Jesus  in  my  last  and  first  collected 
thoughts,  too  little  in  my  dreaming  fancies.  Often 
am  I  distressed  for  the  latter.  My  mind  has  been 
dwelling  with  strong  emotions  upon  my  past  sins 
and  omissions  of  duty.  But  little  on  which  I  can 
dwell  with  satisfaction,  and  probably  shall  never 
have  an  opportunity  to  amend  or  undo  ;  this  would 
be  no  ground  of  justification,  I  know,  but  my  mind 
is  more  troubled  for  others  than  myself;  I  humbly 
trust  God  has  forgiven  my  sins,  for  His  dear  Son's 
sake.  The  wretchedness  of  the  heathen,  has  also 
been  impressed  upon  me.  I  see  them  passing  by 
in  multitudes — full  of  cares  and  sorrows — without 
any  rational  support — without  hope — without  God 
in  the  world.  Not  as  contented  as  the  brutes,  and 
yet  as  ignorant  of  their  real  superiority.  Bent 
upon  trifles — and  even  asking,  what  is  existence, 
without  some  of  the  most  beastly  indulgences,  to 
render  it  tolerable  ?  These  are  to  live  forever. 
Oh,  are  they  not  to  die  forever  ?  The  Lord  in  mercy 
fill  my  soul  with  His  own  compassion,  and  graciously 
pour  out  His  Spirit  upon  this  wilderness." 

^' March  24. — I   find,  that  without   coming   fre- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  103 

quently  to  a  stand,  opening  my  eyes,  and  ascertain- 
ing where  I  am,  and  whither  going,  all  my  diligence 
is  like  the  hasty  step  of  a  blind  man,  out  of  his  fa- 
miliar road.  I  desire  to  awake  with  a  glow  of  love 
to  Jesus,  to  seek  him  first  of  all,  and  never  be  con- 
tented until  1  have  found  him — to  take  him  with 
me  where  I  go — and  detain  him  where  I  stay — to 
find  him  in  every  duty---recognize  and  enjoy  him  in 
every  event — consult  him  in  every  undertaking — 
cling  to  him  in  every  trial— search  for  him  in  the 
heart  and  conversation  of  all  whom  I  meet— and  if 
the  search  is  vain,  endeavor  to  commend  him  to  the 
warmest  affections  of  all." 


CHAPTER  VI. 

In  the  last  chapter,  we  mentioned  the  visits  of 
Mr.  Abeel  to  the  different  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Archipelago,  for  the  double  purpose  of  benefiting 
his  health,  and  obtaining  missionary  information. 
The  providence  of  God  smiled  upon  the  means  used 
to  restore  his  strength,  and  he  again  returned  to  his 
former  interesting  station. 

This  second  visit  of  Mr.  Abeel  to  Siam  was  event- 
ful in  missionary  toils.  He  arrived  there  May  19th, 
1832.  Unaided  by  a  single  fellow-laborer,  he  en- 
tered upon  all  the  duties  connected  with  the  mis- 
sionary station,  performing  the  double  office  of  phy- 
sician for  the  diseases  of  the  body  and  the  soul. 
He  was  entirely  excluded  from  Christian  intercourse 
and  sympathy,  yet  he  persevered  with  energy  in  the 
prosecution  of  his  work.  As  it  was  one  of  his  most 
arduous  seasons  of  missionary  effort,  and  tended  to 
display  the  extent  of  his  consecration,  and  devoted- 
ness  to  the  service  of  his  Master,  it  is  deemed  ex- 
pedient to  make  copious  extracts  from  his  journal 
during  this  time.  It  must  be  remembered  that  these 
labors  were  performed  while  he  was  enfeebled  by 
disease.  His  spirits  were  often  depressed  through 
the  influence  exerted  by  the  body  upon  the  mind, 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  105 

but  this  did  not  diminish  his  activity.  He  was  only 
wilUng  to  yield  when  his  strength  was  entirely  ex- 
pended, and  the  sufferings  of  the  body  demanded 
rest  and  quiet.  But  his  own  description  will  present 
more  clearly  the  nature  and  extent  of  his  efforts  in 
this  wide-spread  and  promising  field. 

"  My  second  residence  in  Siam  consumed  be- 
tween five  and  six  months.  The  object  which  hast- 
ened my  departure  from  the  Straits,  before  there 
could  be  a  rational  hope  of  the  restoration  of  health, 
was  the  supplying  of  "the  Chinese  junks  about  re- 
turning to  the  empire,  with  Christian  books.  It  ap- 
peared so  doubtful,  whether,  even  if  I  remained 
longer  at  Singapore,  I  should  not  be  eventually  com- 
pelled to  try  a»change  to  a  cold  climate,  that  I  felt 
determined  rather  to  hazard  the  experiment  upon 
my  health,  than  to  suffer  an  opportunity  of  such  ex- 
tensive usefulness  to  pass  unimproved.  With  the 
blessing  of  the  Lord,  striking  and  encouraging  in 
many  respects,  I  arrived  in  time  to  furnish  about 
fifty  junks,  bound  for  China,  and  Hainam,  its  de- 
pendency, with  the  Scriptures  and  Christian  books. 
The  delay  of  a  week  would  have  lessened  the  num- 
ber materially.  Nearly  thirty  had  already  sailed, 
and  the  rest  were  hastening  away  with  the  greatest 
dispatch. 

"  The  medical  department  commenced  with  the 
mission,  is  well  adapted  to  the  place.  It  is  calcu- 
lated to  give  influence  to  the  missionary,  if  success- 
ful in  his  practice.  It  attracts  many  from  different 
and  distant  parts,  to  whom  we  could  otherwise  have 
no  possible  access.  It  affords  an  opportunity  for  in- 
5* 


106  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

structing  those  who  come,  and  lays  them  under  such 
obligations  as  can  be  employed  in  securing  both 
their  attention  to  your  remarks,  and  their  attend- 
ance upon  the  established  ordinances  of  religion. 
But  this  charity  is  dictated  by  a  regard  to  the  wel- 
fare of  this  life,  as  well  as  of  the  life  to  come.  The 
most  common  complaints  are  those  which  yield 
readily  to  our  applications,  but  whose  permanent 
cure  baffles  the  skill  of  the  natives,  and  resists  the 
power  of  all  their  medicines. 

"21. — A  busy  day.  Great  numbers  for  books. 
More  than  I  remember  ever  to  have  seen  before. 
They  were  principally  Hainam  men,  from  a  vessel 
which  they  are  building  in  our  neighborhood.  This 
afternoon  commenced  visiting  the  Cl»ina  junks,  to 
supply  them  with  the  Scriptures  and  other  religious 
books.  Having  a  letter  to  the  captain  of  the  port, 
who  acts  as  interpreter  between  foreigners  and  the 
Prak  Klang,  I  called  at  his  house,  and  was  informed 
that  the  king  had  commanded  his  officers  to  pro- 
hibit me  from  distributing  the  books,  which  he  had 
heard  I  brought  with  me.  '  If  w^e  wanted  to  dis- 
seminate our  religion,'  his  majesty  remarked,  *we 
must  go  to  some  other  country.'  A  number  of  con- 
siderations prevented  a  change  in  my  plans ;  and 
looking  for  wisdom  to  Him  in  whose  hands  are  the 
hearts  of  kings,  I  went  from  the  interpreter's  house 
to  the  great  business  on  which  I  came  forth.  In 
four  of  the  five  junks  visited,  the  books  were  well 
received.  Occasionally  you  meet  with  those  who 
are  full  of  all  suspicion,  and  with  whom  little  can 
be  done." 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  107 

**31. — Yesterday  afternoon  the  Prince  Chow  Fah 
sent  for  me  to  dine  at  his  house.  The  message  was 
committed  in  such  a  manner,  or  to  such  a  messen- 
ger, as  would  admit  of  no  refusal,  although  it  was 
raining  at  the  time  and  likely  to  continue.  We  are 
often  obliged  to  gratify  them  contrary  to  our  incli- 
nations, that  we  may  secure  their  favor,  and  be  bet- 
ter enabled  to  benefit  them  and  their  nation.  The 
entertainment  was  in  European  style,  and  consisted 
of  a  variety  of  dishes.  He  did  not  partake  with  us, 
it  being  the  custom  of  the  princes  to  eat  alone.  He 
offered  as  an  apology,  that  he  had  dined. 

"After  dinner,  he  amused  us  with  music  upon 
some  of  their  native  instruments,  being  himself  an 
amateur,  aided  by  the  vocal  strains  of  one  of  his 
attendants.  Between  the  musical  powers  of  the 
Chinese  and  Siamese,  there  is  a  striking  contrast, 
altogether  in  favor  of  the  talent  and  taste  of  the 
latter.  The  instruments  are  much  more  melodious, 
and  their  voices  softer  and  more  natural.  They 
usually  employ  two  instruments  of  percussion,  pro- 
bably borrowed  from  the  Javanese.  The  one  is 
made  of  transverse  pieces  of  bamboo,  suspended  by 
strings  upon  a  small  shallop  frame-work ;  the  other 
consists  of  a  number  of  hollow  copper  vessels  of 
different  sizes,  hung  upon  a  circular  frame.  Their 
sweetest  wind  instruments  are  borrowed  from  the 
Laos.  They  are  made  of  a  number  of  reeds  of  un- 
equal lengths,  put  together,  and  perforated  so  as  to 
give  the  necessary  distinction  of  notes.  On  this  in- 
strument the  prince  performs  with  much  taste.  The 
more  we  see  of  this  young  man,  the  more  we  are 


108  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

struck  with  the  variety  of  his  talents.  Oh  that  the 
Savior  w^ould  verify  the  prediction  and  promise  in 
him,  *  Kings  shall  see  and  arise,  princes  also  shall 
worship.' " 

''September  2. — Our  little  worshipping  assembly 
has  just  dispersed.  About  twenty  were  present.  It 
is  so  affecting  to  see  a  company  of  poor  pagans  as- 
semble on  the  Lord's  day  to  hear  the  doctrines  of 
the  Gospel,  and  bow  the  knee  to  their  great  Author, 
that  I  can  scarcely  endure  the  thought  of  leaving 
them ;  and  am  at  times  perplexed  to  know,  whether, 
even  measures  for  self-preservation,  ought  not  to 
yield  to  the  claims  of  a  whole  kingdom.  I  must 
however  remember,  that  if  the  first  be  necessary, 
the  other  must  in  any  case  be  abandoned.  The  har- 
vest truly  is  great,  but  the  laborers  are  few.  Two 
events  have  recently  occurred,  which  tend  to  pro- 
mote the  objects  of  the  mission.  They  have  been 
constructing  a  brick  foot-path  between  our  premises 
and  the  Chinese  settlement.  The  way  was  almost 
impassable  before,  even  to  the  bare-footed  peripa- 
tetics. It  is  now  made  of  materials,  and  in  a  man- 
ner, which  will  probably  surmount  the  height  of  the 
annual  flood,  and  resist  the  action  of  its  waters. 
Though  a  miserable  place  to  walk  for  exercise,  on 
account  of  the  narrowness  of  the  way,  the  crowd  of 
passengers,  and  what  is  worse  than  all,  the  number 
and  annoyance  of  the  dogs,  yet  it  is  the  only  alter- 
native during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  to  remain- 
ing within  our  own  little  inclosure  ;  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  the  prosecution  of  those  external  duties 
which  ought  not  to  be  neglected  in  this  mission.    Its 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  109 

chief  advantage,  however,  is  the  facility  with  which 
visitors,  patients,  and  worshippers  can  come  to  the 
house. 

"  The  other  event  is  an  agreement  entered  into 
with  Chow  Fah,  which  affords  to  me  advantages 
for  the  acquisition  of  their  language,  and  opens  a 
door  for  instructing  him.  Every  second  day  he 
sends  for  me  to  come  and  teach  him  the  English, 
and  the  alternate  day  he  sends  a  teacher  to  instruct 
me  in  Siamese.  Want  of  health  prevents  me  from 
availing  myself  of  the  benefits  of  the  arrangement, 
except  in  a  limited  measure ;  and  I  am  sorry  to  find 
that  want  of  inclination,  or  fear,  debars  him  from 
the  full  advantage  of  that  information  which  I  am 
principally  anxious  to  impart.  He  bids  fair  for  the 
throne,  and  is,  perhaps,  afraid  of  anything  which 
might  render  his  success  doubtful.  He  hears  con- 
siderable, however,  in  the  way  of  circumlocution. 
In  fact  I  am  withheld  from  the  plainest,  most  pointed 
conversation,  only  by  the  apprehension  of  defeating 
my  own  object  ;  and  when  there  are  sufficient 
grounds  for  dismissing  this  apprehension,  the  effort, 
in  the  Lord's  strength,  shall  be  made.  Still  I  very 
much  fear,  that  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  his  lan- 
guage renders  all  my  instructions  comparatively  un- 
availing. 

'*  September  25. — My  visits  to  the  prince  have 
been  suspended  some  time,  on  account  of  the  death 
of  an  aunt  who  was  living  with  him.  On  these  oc- 
casions, all  the  servants  and  subjects  are  obliged  to 
have  their  heads  shaved.  To-day  he  took  me  to  see 
the  style  in  which  the  body  is  preserved,  and  wit- 


110  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ness  some  of  the  ceremonies  preparatory  to  its  be- 
ing burned.  It  is  partially  embalmed  in  a  sitting 
posture,  with  the  feet  drawn  up,  and  the  elbows  be- 
tween the  knees.  The  shrine  or  case  in  which  it  is 
preserved,  is  constructed  like  a  pyramid,  and  decked 
with  canopies  and  other  ornaments.  The  priests 
were  present,  and  had  been  repeating  their  prayers 
in  a  funeral  tone  of  voice.  At  six  in  the  evening 
twenty -four  drums  were  beaten  and  trumpets  blown  : 
to  frighten  away  the  evil  spirits,  as  I  conjectured, 
by  way  of  interrogation — but  from  mere  custom,  as 
my  quick-sighted  informant  replied.  He  admitted, 
however,  that  they  did  believe  they  could  drive 
away  evil  spirits,  though  guns  and  not  drums  were 
the  proper  instruments. 

"  October  7. — To-day  our  number  exceeded  twenty 
by  one  or  two.  In  the  evening  the  priest  called  and 
returned  three  volumes  of  the  word  of  God,  which 
he  had  taken  to  copy.  Not  knowing  whether  I 
should  ever  have  another  opportunity  for  private 
conversation  with  him,  and  feeling  a  strong  interest 
in  his  eternal  welfare,  I  spoke  as  freely  as  I  could  on 
the  importance  of  having  the  heart  interested  in  the 
truths  which  he  had  taken  some  pains  to  learn.  I 
mentioned  that  his  was  the  simple  knowledge  of  the 
head,  which  could  be  of  no  avail  toward  his  salva- 
tion, as  long  as  the  affections  were  unmoved,  and 
his  idolatry  retained.  By  a  word  or  two  and  a  very 
significant  gesture,  he  made  me  to  understand  that 
the  fear  of  decapitation  was  the  great  preventive  to 
a  change  of  his  faith.  I  told  him  what  the  Savior 
commanded  his  disciples  about   not   fearing  those 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  Ill 

who  could  kill  only  the  body,  and  that  thousands  for 
the  love  of  Jesus  and  eternal  life,  had  been  trans- 
ported on  fiery  chariots  to  heaven. 

"  His  case  reminds  one  of  the  priests  in  the 
Savior's  day ;  who,  it  is  said,  believed,  but  did  not 
confess  him  openly,  for  the  same  reason.  I  think 
there  is  but  little  doubt,  but  that  if  a  change  of  cir- 
cumstances should  dissipate  these  fears,  he  would  be 
among  the  first  in  the  kingdom  to  embrace  Chris- 
tianity. Alas !  that  such  a  change  of  circumstances 
should  be  at  all  necessary. 

"  October  14. — Since  the  commencement  of  our 
Sabbath  service,  I  have  not  seen  such  fixed  and 
thoughtful  attention  as  was  apparent  towards  the 
close  of  this  morning's  exhortation.  The  Spirit  of 
the  living  Savior  was  doubtless  with  us ;  and  the 
hearts  of  many,  I  sincerely  believe,  felt  his  sacred 
presence.  Again  the  sadness  of  separation  came 
over  my  spirits,  and  again  I  commended  this  little 
band  to  the  '  Shepherd  and  Bishop  of  souls.'  The 
more  we  labor  for  the  heathen,  the  more  we  see  the 
necessity  of  laboring  with  our  own  hearts.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  which  is  the  most  painful,  to  toil  with 
no  encouragement,  or  to  leave  unaccomplished  the 
most  encouraging  labors.  If  there  were  others  to 
take  the  place  of  those  who  are  compelled  to  retire, 
or  if  the  flock  from  whom  their  pastor  is  removed 
had  attained  to  strength,  the  trial  is  comparatively 
light.  To  labor  with  patience  and  perseverance, 
expectation  and  prayer,  is  not  sufficient,  at  least  for 
the  comfort  of  the  instrument ;  he  must  learn  to 
have  his  spirit  so  attuned,  that  the  animating  strain, 


112  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

'  I  can  do  all  things  through  Christ  which  strength- 
eneth  me,'  may  allow  of  the  interlude,  '  not  my  will 
but  thine  be  done/  During  the  last  week  I  have 
supplied  the  Burman  camp  with  tracts  brought  with 
me,  in  their  own  language.  The  books  were  well 
received  by  priests  and  people. 

"  October  24. — Have  been  informed  upon  good 
authority,  that  the  Roman  Catholics  in  China  are  re- 
inforced this  year,  by  a  bishop  and  four  missiona- 
ries ;  and  in  Siam  by  one  missionary.  The  vice- 
roy of  Saigon,  in  Cochin  China,  who  was  very 
favorable  to  that  religion,  and  a  man  of  vast  power 
in  the  kingdom,  has  lately  died  ;  which  has  produced 
such  apprehensions  among  the  priests  in  regard  to 
their  safety,  that  they  have  begged  the  Bishop  of 
Siam  to  offer  public  prayers  for  their  preservation. 
The  same  authority  states  that  the  number  of  Chris- 
tians in  Corea  is  about  ten  thousand.  They  have 
no  European  priests,  but  are  supplied  by  natives 
from  China.  A  bishop  and  several  missionaries  are 
soon  to  be  appointed. 

*'  November  4. — Expecting  to  leave  the  place  be- 
fore this  day,  I  had  made  arrangements  for  those 
who  were  disposed  to  continue  the  Sabbath  services, 
to  meet  in  future  in  the  same  place  and  at  the  same 
hour.  All  whom  I  had  any  reason  to  expect,  came, 
and  these  brought  others  with  them,  so  that  the 
number  was  as  great  as  usual.  Having,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  all,  mentioned  the  person  by  whom  I  desired 
the  exercises  to  be  principally  conducted,  I  resigned 
the  office  to  him,  and  sat  as  a  listener.  The  audience 
were  very  silent  and  attentive,  and  the  expounder 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  113 

animated  and  happy  in  his  views  and  illustrations. 
It  was  very  evident  to  me,  that,  exclusive  of  the 
obligations  which   would  probably    bind  a   greater 
number  to  me  than  to  the  substitute,  or  to  their  own 
best   interests,    the   change  is   in  many  important 
respects  desirable.     In  power  of  language  he  has 
greatly  the  advantage,  at  least  in  his  own  dialect, 
which  is  more  familiar  to  others,  and  less  to  myself 
than  the  Fokien.     His  knowledge  is  quite  extensive ; 
the  result  evidently  of  much  reading,  and  I  hope  of 
spiritual  illumination.    Besides  he  knows  their  modes 
of  thinking  and  reasoning  on  moral  subjects,  and  the 
objections  they  entertain  against  Christianity,  which 
have  been  often  urged  against  his  faith,  but  which 
they  are  more  backward  to  express  in  my  presence." 
After  six  months  of  labor  almost  uninterrupted, 
Mr.  Abeel's  health  entirely  failed,  and  he  was  ob- 
liged  to   leave   Siam.      His  constitution    suffered 
greatly  from  the  confinement  which  he  was  forced 
to  undergo,  on  account  of  the  situation  of  the  coun- 
try.    His  residence  was  elevated  above  the  water 
on  spiles,  and  his  only  means  of  conveyance  was  by 
boats. 

He  found  it  necessary  to  seek  some  place  where 
he  could  exercise  freely,  both  in  riding  and  walking. 
He  left  the  Mission  of  Siam  in  a  prosperous  condi- 
tion. The  seed  was  beginning  to  bear  fruit ;  and 
others  came  in  after  and  reaped  the  harvest. 

He  writes,  "  Since  I  left  Siam,  other  missionaries 
have  entered  the  field.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jones  of  the 
American  Baptist  Church  arrived  early  the  follow- 
ing year.     In  a  communication  made  to  the  Society 


114  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  which  he  belongs,  Mr.  J.  states,  under  the  date  of 
September  22d,  1833,  that  the  little  congregatipn  of 
which  frequent  mention  has  been  made,  continue  to 
worship  in  the  place  appointed  them,  and  that^twen- 
ty  were  present  on  the  preceding  Sabbath.  In  ano- 
ther letter  written  in  December  of  the  same  year, 
he  says,  '  Our  little  assembly  of  Chinese  still  con- 
tinues, conducted  by  Bunty  as  usual.  We  have  had, 
for  some  months,  as  good  evidence  as  I  could  ex- 
pect, that  two  or  three  of  his  associates  were  true 
converts ;  but,  owing  to  my  ignorance  of  their  lan- 
guage, and  their  slight  acquaintance  with  Siamese 
I  had  hitherto  declined  their  repeated  solicitations 
for  baptism.  At  length,  circumstances  were  such, 
that  I  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  decline  any  longer ; 
and  on  Sabbath  morning  the  8th  inst.,  I  administered 
the  rite  to  Chek  Bunty,  Chek  Peng,  and  Chek  Lang 
Seak.  Chek  is  a  familiar  appellative  among  the 
Chinese,  signifying  uncle.'  " 

After  his  arrival  at  Singapore  in  November,  he 
experienced  much  benefit  from  the  change  of  air 
and  constant  exercise.  But  as  soon  as  his  strength 
was  renewed,  his  time  became  doubly  occupied  in 
labor  both  as  a  pastor  and  missionary. 

He  was  called  to  watch  at  the  bedside  of  a  be- 
loved Christian  brother,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Burn,  Eng- 
lish chaplain  at  Singapore.  During  his  whole  illness 
he  was  with  him  continually,  ministering  to  his  per- 
sonal wants,  and  at  the  same  time  performing  the 
duties  of  the  chaplaincy.  Mr.  Burns  died ;  and  the 
circumstances  of  his  decease  made  a  lasting  im- 
pression on  the  mind  of  this  servant  of  Jesus,  who 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  115 

had  dispensed  to  him  the  consolations  of  rehgion 
even  to  the  end. 

His  notice  of  his  death,  and  sketch  of  his  char- 
acter, are  full  of  feeling,  and  display  that  humility 
which  honors  devoted  piety  wherever  found. 

''January  18,  1833.— Yesterday  at  half-past  nine 
in  the  morning,  I  had  the  mournful  satisfaction  of 
witnessing  the  departure  of  my  beloved  Christian 
brother,  the  Rev.  Robert  Burn,"^  Chaplain  of  Singa- 
pore.    I  feel  thankful  for  the  privilege  of  attending 
his  sick  bed  for  about  a  month  and  a  half,  and  for 
receiving  and  endeavoring  to  communicate   such 
lessons,  as  fit  the  dying  to  depart  in  peace,  and  the 
surviving   to  live  with  profit.     Mr.  Burn  was  an 
ornament  to  the  ministry.     In  him  were  united  some 
of  the  rarest  qualities  of  intellect  and  heart.     In  the 
private  circle  and  in  the  pulpit,  he  often  manifested 
such  efforts  of  genius  and  judgment  as  are  seldom 
combined.     His  views  of  divine  truth  were  uncom- 
monly  expansive  and   consistent,   and    what  gave 
them  a  double  charm  and  impressiveness,  was  the 
tenderness  and   humility  of  spirit  which  they  had 
produced    in  himself     His  judgment  was  too  un- 
biased, and  his  experience  too  comprehensive,   to 
consider  important  those  trifling  points  which  divide 
into    parties  the   Christian  Church.     He   had   his 
peculiar  views  and  predilections,  but  in  his  inter- 
course with  those  of  other  sects,  they  were  never 
obtruded,  and  in   his  ordinary   conversation   they 
were   seldom  mentioned.     Wherever   he  saw   the 
image  of  Jesus  he  acknowledged  a  brother.     Mis- 
sionaries of  every  name  and  from  every  country 


116  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 


were  welcomed  to  his  house ;  and  while  he  gladly 
co-operated  with  them  in  their  missionary  labors, 
he  availed  himself  of  all  their  aid  in  his  own  sphere 
of  duty.  Such  Christian  magnanimity  how  rare, 
and  yet  how  conducive  to  the  interests  of  all  par- 
ties— the  salvation  of  a  world — the  glory  of  an  un- 
divided Saviour.  But  there  was  another  peculiarity 
in  this  beloved  brother,  which  not  only  won  the 
hearts  of  all  who  knew  him,  but  perhaps  more  than 
anything  else,  improved  those  other  traits  of  charac- 
ter in  which  he  excelled.  He  was  not  simply  an 
Apollos  in  the  Scriptures,  but  an  Israel  in  prayer. 
Before  I  had  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaintance,  he 
was  described  to  me  as  one  who  appeared  ready, 
under  all  circumstances,  to  'fall  upon  his  knees  before 
God ;'  and  the  first  time  and  the  last,  and  every  time 
I  heard  him  give  utterance  to  the  sanctified  impres- 
sions and  desires  of  his  own  heart,  exceeded  every 
expectation  I  had  formed.  Such  a  fervor  and  con- 
fidence of  spirit— such  power  in  employing  the  argu- 
ments which  a  covenant  God  has  furnished,  and 
which  he  cannot  resist — such  a  tender  concern  for 
all  his  friends,  his  scattered  brethren  in  Christ,  and 
his  perishing  fellow  sinners  in  every  place — I  believe 
is  rarely  exhibited,  scarcely  ever  surpassed.  The 
admiration  of  all  who  ever  heard  him  pray  is  uni- 
form. God  grant  that  many  such  spiritual  wrestlers 
may  adorn  and  bless  the  church. 

"In  his  own  estimation,  he  was  below  all  things 
None  were  so  unqualified  for  his  office,  or  so  un- 
faithful in  the  discharge  of  its  responsible  duties. 
He  could  weep  and  tremble   when   this  was   the 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  117 

theme,  and  wish  that  he  might  escape  from  the 
station  he  so  miserably  filled,  and  shrink  into  his 
beloved  retirement — an  unknown  obscurity.  This 
was  well  as  far  as  it  respects  its  influence  on  his 
own  spirit,  but  it  evidently  interfered  with  his  use- 
fulness. That  which  he  most  deplored  upon  the 
bed  of  death,  was  the  singular  aversion  which  he 
had  felt  from  his  infancy,  to  mingling  with  society, 
or  being  made  at  all  conspicuous.  1  never  knew 
such  diffidence  connected  with  such  capabilities  of 
intellect.  He  was  almost  paralyzed  at  confronting 
those  with  whom  he  was  not  intimate,  and  in  a 
degree  proportioned  to  the  part  he  was  expected 
to  sustain  in  their  presence.  This  characteristic, 
though  perfectly  natural,  proved  a  detriment  to  his 
extensive  usefulness.  It  w^as  our  earnest  desire, 
and  not  without  some  grounds  of  expectation,  that 
this  sickness  might  not  be  unto  death  ;  but  for  the 
glory  of  God,  in  the  eminent  devotion  of  his  sei'- 
vant's  future  course.  A  large  majority  with  the 
same  complaint,  and  under  the  same  treatment,  had 
recovered  ;  and  it  was  not  until  he  had  sunk  under 
an  irrecoverable  relapse,  that  the  thought  of  dying 
was  admitted  with  any  seriousness  to  our  minds. 
We  were  much  together,  both  waiting  for  the  first 
favorable  opportunity  to  embark  for  England.  The 
evening  of  the  sudden  change  which  decided  in  our 
minds  his  earthly  destiny,  I  was  with  him  until  a 
late  hour.  We  engaged  in  devotion,  as  usual,  and 
separated  for  the  night,  without  the  least  expectation 
of  his  hastening  departure.  The  next  morning  the 
news  came  that  he  had  passed  a  night  of  extreme 


118  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

illness,  and  would  probably  not  survive  the  day. 
Agonized  with  the  unlooked-for  change,  I  hastened 
to  his  bedside  ;  but  though  he  recognized  me,  and 
expressed  his  full  knowledge  of  his  approaching  end, 
his  mind  soon  lost  its  balance.  At  first  he  was  agi- 
tated. It  was  a  midnight  summons,  and  we  were 
all  slumbering ;  but  when  he  trimmed  his  lamp,  and 
found  his  vessel  replenished,  nay,  when  he  looked 
up  and  beheld  the  Bridegroom,  he  recovered  from 
the  shock,  and  became  composed.  From  this  change, 
which  preceded  his  departure  about  three  days,  he 
was  generally  in  a  state  of  delirium,  and  continued 
unconscious  of  his  situation,  until  his  spirit  was 
released  from  its  prison,  and  admitted  into  '  the  joy 
of  his  Lord.' 

"  Eternity  probably  never  appeared  so  much  of  a 
reality,  a  present  reality.  Never  did  the  glories  of 
heaven  so  powerfully  possess  the  minds  of  the  few 
who  stood  around  this  departing  brother,  as  at  the 
moment  when  we  believed  he  awoke,  from  utter 
unconsciousness,  to  the  enjoyment  of  his  Savior's 
perfect  likeness  and  fruition.  Oh,  how  solemn  was 
the  place.  We  felt  that  the  King  of  saints  and  His 
ministering  angels  were  with  us ;  and  as  we  com- 
mitted the  spirit  in  silence  to  the  favor  of  its  cove- 
nant God,  a  thrill  of  rapture  chased  away  the  an- 
guish with  which  we  had  been  oppressed.  One  of 
our  number  was  the  bereaved  companion  whom  he 
held  most  dear  in  life,  and  whose  delicate  frame  and 
sensitive  heart  were  wonderfully  sustained  in  this 
hour  of  overpowering  sadness,  and  overpowering 
joy.      Another  was  a  friend,  who  had  ministered 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABE-EL.  119 

most  kindly  to  his  wants,  and  from  beneath  whose 
hospitable  roof  he  took  his  heavenward  flight.  God 
grant  that  we  may  all  live  under  the  impressions  of 
that  hour.     Then  shall  we  not  live  in  vain. 

"  Mr.  Burn  was  the  son  of  Major  General  Andrew 
Burn,  whose  interesting  memoirs  are  before  the 
Christian  public.  Like  Henry  Martyn,  his  chief  in- 
ducement in  accepting  a  chaplaincy  to  the  East,  was 
the  desire  of  usefulness  among  the  heathen.  He 
had  a  considerable  acquaintance  with  two  of  the 
languages  of  the  country,  and  wrote  several  Chris- 
tian works  in  one  of  them.  May  his  example  stim- 
ulate many  who  occupy  similar  stations  in  India, 
and  beyond  the  Ganges,  and  whose  influence  and 
exertions  are  much  needed  for  the  conversion  of  the 
heathen  nations." 

After  the  decease  of  Mr.  Burn,  Mr.  Abeel  occu- 
pied his  place  as  the  chaplain  at  Singapore  for  more 
than  five  months.  But  he  still  made  the  work  of 
the  missionary  the  paramount  object  of  his  efforts. 

May  26,  1833,  he  writes  : — "Since  I  have  been 
at  Singapore,  I  have  aimed  at  supplying  the  vacant 
chaplaincy,  preaching  twice  on  the  Sabbath,  and  once 
on  a  week  evening,  besides  the  missionary  prayer- 
meetings,  and  extraordinary  services.  A  few,  I 
thankfully  believe,  have  been  regenerated;  others 
have  been  considerably  enlightened,  and  I  hope  will 
be  led  to  a  saving  knowledge  of  the  truth.  Besides 
this,  I  have  continued  the  study  of  the  Chinese,  and 
commenced  the  Malay  ;  have  attempted  to  supply 
the  whole  place  with  Scriptures  and  religious  books ; 


120  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

but,  from  all  these  engagements,  I  have  been  obliged 
to  desist,  for  want  of  health." 

His  short  ministry  at  Singapore  as  chaplain,  was 
very  successful.  The  death  of  Mr.  Burn,  and  some 
other  providences  of  an  equally  solemn  nature,  had 
arrested  the  attention  of  the  people  ;  and  he  endeav- 
ored to  improve  them  to  spiritual  edification.  Some 
were  brouorht  to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth  as  it  is  in 
Jesus,  especially  among  the  higher  classes,  who 
were  able  to  exert  a  powerful  influence  in  behalf  of 
true  religion.  He  mentions  the  success  of  the  Gos- 
pel in  a  letter  written  at  this  time. 

"  Singapore,  Feb.  14,  1833. 
"  I  have  no  small  reason  to  believe  that  this  letter 
will  prove  less  welcome  than  myself;  but  I  have 
been  disappointed  by  a  peculiar  dispensation  of  Di- 
vine Providence,  and  as  the  Lord  has  thus  expressed 
his  will, '  what  am  I  that  I  should  resist  it?'  It  was 
our  plan  that  Mr.  Burn,  Mrs.  Burn,  and  myself  (the 
two  former  being  the  Chaplain  of  Singapore  and  his 
lady),  were  to  embark  for  England  in  the  same  ves- 
sel ;  we  were  waiting  for  a  good  opportunity,  when 
Mr.  B.,  whose  health  appeared  slowly  recovering, 
relapsed  and  died.  Seldom  have  I  been  so  much 
affected  at  any  event.  He  was  one  whom  I  ad- 
mired and  loved  vastly.  We  were  congenial  spirits, 
together  much  of  our  time,  and  looking  forward 
with  joy  to  the  hope  of  mutual  improvement  and 
enjoyment  upon  the  passage.  While  waiting  for 
the  opportunity  I  found  my  health  sufficiently  im- 
proved to  preach,  and  consequently  helped  to  supply 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  121 

his  pulpit  every  Sunday.  There  were  some  signal 
events  of  Providence,  which  occurred  in  such  strik- 
ing correspondence  with  the  subjects  preached 
upon,  that  the  people,  or  many  of  them,  became  im- 
pressed with  the  necessity  of  changing  their  mode 
of  life  ;  perhaps  previous  impressions  were  revived. 
It  was  this  that  made  me  hesitate,  even  at  that  time 
when  we  thought  of  going,  whether  the  place  should 
be  left  under  such  circumstances.  I  determined  to 
leave  the  decision  of  my  duty  on  this  point  to  the 
Lord  ;  and  now,  the  removal  of  my  beloved  bro- 
ther, and  the  interest  existing  among  the  people  in 
regard  to  their  own  salvation,  have  determined  my 
mind  in  regard  to  present  duty.  I  would  not  have 
you  believe  there  is  anything  like  what  has  been 
so  frequently  witnessed  in  America  lately.  Even 
the  word  '  revival',  would  probably  frighten  not  a 
few.  There  is  scarcely  anything  to  revive,  as  but 
little  that  ever  had  life  has  been  able  to  survive  the 
ravages  and  dominion  of  spiritual  death  in  these  rQ^ 
gions.  But,  blessed  be  the  Lord,  a  few  have  been 
awakened  to  their  spiritual  interests,  v/ho  scarcely 
gave  the  subject  a  thought  before,  Mr.  — r-,  who 
was  very  kind  to  me  when  here  before,  but  wha 
was  then  a  proud  profligate  character,  has  become, 
I  verily  believe,  an  humble  disciple  of  the  meek  and 
lowly  Jesus,  I  am  living  \yith.  him,  at  present,  and 
hope  to  derive  benefit  from  h^s.  profession,  while, 
with  the  Lord's  blessing,  I  may  in^part  as  well  as 
receive.  There  is  cc^nsiderable  opposition  to  the 
preaching. 

"  At  firat  \  vvas-  surprised  and  somev^'hat  grieved 
6 


122  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  find  so  much  admiration.  The  novelty  of  bold, 
extempore  speaking,  which  they  had  seldom  heard, 
called  forth  this  ;  now,  they  forget  the  style  of  ad- 
dress, and  look  at  the  subject.  Oh,  if  there  were 
many  prayers  and  better  means,  I  should  hope  for 
better  things.  The  Lord  in  mercy  convert  all  who 
are  impressed  with  the  truth,  and  impress  all  the 
careless.  When  some  few  weeks  or  months  have 
rolled  by,  I  shall  be  able  to  write  you  more  fully." 

The  following  note,  found  among  his  papers,  was 
received  just  before  his  departure  from  Singapore, 
from  one  who  then  found  peace  in  believing. 

"I  humbly  beseech  Almighty  God,  for  Christ's 
sake,  to  forgive  my  stubborn  opposition  to  His  divine 
truth  for  so  long  a  period  :  and  praise  His  holy  name 
that  in  compassion  to  my  soul.  He  sent  you,  my  best 
friend,  to  be  an  instrument  of  His  gracious  mercy  in 
awakening  my  mind  to  the  importance  of  the  relig- 
ion of  Christ  Jesus.  May  the  Spirit  of  the  true 
God  long  continue  to  bless  your  labors,  and  may 
you  find  your  reward  among  the  saints  in  heaven. 
May  Christ  forgive  my  ungrateful  opposition  to  His 
cause  when  so  often  and  so  earnestly  set  forth  by 
you  ;  and  if  it  is  the  will  of  Jehovah  we  should  meet 
no  more  on  earth,  may  I,  through  the  Redeemer's 
saving  mercy,  be  allowed  to  greet  you  the  first  in 
another  and  better  world.     Adieu." 

Such  instances  of  gratitude  for  spiritual  favors 
are  indeed  cheering  to  the  heart  of  the  ambassador 
of  Christ ;  and  cases  of  the  same  kind  are  abundant 
among  the  number  of  those  who  were  brought  to 
t\\e  3avior  through  his  instrumentality. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  123 

His  strength  again  failed  under  the  pressure  of 
multiplied  labors,  and  he  found  that  he  could  expect 
no  permanent  benefit,  unless  he  sought  another  and 
more  congenial  climate.  His  relief  was  only  tem- 
porary when  passing  from  one  place  to  another,  and 
he  determined  to  sail  for  America  by  the  way  of 
England. 

Accordingly,  he  embarked  on  the  25th  day  of 
May,  1833,  for  London,  in  the  packet  Cambridge, 
a  vessel  supplied  with  every  convenience  for  the 
comfort  of  an  invalid — affording  accommodations 
which  the  state  of  his  health  demanded,  and  which 
could  not  be  obtained  in  merchant  vessels  sailing 
directly  to  the  United  States. 

During  the  time  embraced  in  the  events  occupy- 
ing this  chapter,  the  religious  diary  of  Mr.  Abeel 
tells  of  severe  spiritual  trials,  and  often  of  depres- 
sion of  spirits,  and  powerful  temptations.  He  could 
not  always  preserve  his  accustomed  tone  of  relig- 
ious feeling,  and  often  he  mourned  the  hidings  of 
God's  countenance,  and  felt  the  power  of  trial.  It 
would  require  a  skilful  and  experienced  Christian,  to 
analyze  all  his  character  as  displayed  in  the  feelings 
recorded  in  this  diary.  Every  child  of  God  can 
learn  from  them  his  privileges  and  duties,  and  be  en- 
couraged by  his  attainments,  and  hence  they  are 
useful  and  worthy  of  record ;  but  none  but  an  Elder 
in  Israel,  could  fully  enter  into  his  spirit.  The  rec- 
ord is  presented  as  essential  to  a  complete  view  of 
his  Christian  character,  and  for  the  benefit  of  all, 
who  like  him,  would  fight  the  good  fight  of  faith 
filled  with  lofty  hopes  and  burning  zeal,  and  be  fol- 


124  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

lowers  of  him  as  he  was  of  Christ.  One  truth  is 
worthy  of  notice,  that  while  he  experienced  all 
these  changes  in  his  spiritual  feelings,  the  journal 
of  his  labors  contains  records  of  constant  exertion 
for  the  glory  of  God.  He  resolved  to  struggle  on, 
whatever  might  be  his  discouragements,  or  the  de- 
pression of  his  spirits.  He  never  lowered  the  stand- 
ard of  his  duty,  but  desired  to  do  the  will  of  God, 
knowing  that  His  blessing  did  not  depend  on  the 
strength  or  weakness  of  the  instrumentality,  but 
only  on  His  own  good  pleasure,  who  guides  all  things 
in  infinite  wisdom  for  His  own  glory. 

The  following  extracts  extend  through  the  time 
embraced  in  this  chapter  : — 

"  April  22. — On  Tuesday  evening  embarked  in  a 
China  junk,  for  Siam.  Saw  much  of  the  Lord's 
goodness  in  ordering  events  before  I  left.  As  soon 
as  objects  which  seemed  somewhat  important  were 
accomplished,  the  junk  (for  which  I  was  waiting  in 
daily  expectation  of  sailing),  was  declared  ready  for 
sea.  Since  we  sailed,  have  had  some  delightful  im- 
pressions of  the  love  of  the  Father,  and  His  Son 
Jesus  Christ.  When  my  soul  is  healthful,  this  sub- 
ject is  a  theme  of  ever  new  and  amazing  contem- 
plation. Oh,  if  creature  love  has  the  effect  we 
sometimes  witness,  what  must  be  the  fulness  of  the 
love  of  Christ.  I  desire  no  other  heaven.  There 
can  be  none  of  equal  or  comparable  delight.  I  find 
the  Song  of  Solomon  peculiarly  adapted  to  my  best 
frames  of  mind.  It  has  often  refreshed  me.  In 
the  same  relation  between  creatures,  there  is  a  dan- 
ger of  having  the  mind  so  much  engrossed  with 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  125 

mutual  affection  as  to  impair  the  love  of  Christ  in 
the  soul ;  but  here  we  can  say  with  Isaiah,  '  Thy 
Maker  is  th}^  husband,  the  Lord  of  Hosts  is  his 
name  ;  and  thy  Redeemer  the  Holy  one  of  Israel, 
the  God  of  the  whole  earth  shall  he  be  called/  Let 
the  affection  rise  to  transport,  yet,  the  higher  the 
transport,  the  more  consistent  with  reason,  gratitude, 
and  duty.  I  have  been  struck  and  benefited  by  an 
idea  met  with  in  reading — '  Would  you  rejoice  in 
being  the  instrument  of  placing  one  of  the  many 
crowns  upon  the  brow  of  your  glorified  Redeemer 
Christ  ?'  What  a  motive  to  every  exertion,  for  one 
who  feels  his  obligations  to  his  beloved  Lord.  Jesus 
grant  thy  sinful  servant  this  unspeakable  privilege. 

"  May  8. — Still  on  the  passage.  Temporal  bless- 
ings exceed  my  expectations.  Mind  was  dull,  but 
is  more  lively.  No  friend  to  divert  my  thoughts 
and  affections  from  Jesus.  None  to  exchange  an 
idea  with  on  spiritual  things,  or  any  subject  of  real 
importance.  Spirit  of  prayer  at  times,  for  every 
creature  living,  especially  for  relatives  and  friends 
individually,  who  often  detain  me  long  and  delight- 
fully in  my  Father's  communion.  Am  struck  with 
the  wretched  condition  of  the  heathen.  Feel  deeply 
my  unfitness  for  my  great  work  in  every  respect. 
Still  cheering  views  of  the  eternal  rest. 

^'  May  27. — Again  on  heathen  land,  engaged  as 
before.  Though  alone  as  to  the  presence  of  man, 
feel  the  presence  of  that  Friend  that  sticketh  closer 
than  a  brother,  and  know  very  little  of  a  sense  of 
loneliness.  For  a  day  or  two,  have  been  quite  ab- 
sorbed in  -^vonder,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  chapter 


126  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

of  Ephesians  to  my  mind.  For  these  delightful  evi- 
dences of  spiritual  life,  and  means  of  advancing  in 
that  life,  I  would  praise  the  blessed  Spirit  to  whose 
condescension  I  am  infinitely  indebted.  Have  been 
endeavoring  to  search  my  heart, .  to  see  whether  I 
keep  anything  back  from  the  Savior.  I  hope  the 
surrender  is  unreserved,  though  sins  and  infirmities 
are  very  distressing.  Am  at  times  cast  down  with 
a  constant  sense  of  unfitness  for  my  great  work,  and 
an  idea  of  the  slow  progress  I  make  in  every  qual- 
ification. I  do  not  believe  that  any  one  has  ever 
been  placed  under  similar  circumstances,  without  a 
better  preparation  for  his  work.  Knowledge  of  their 
languages  very  deficient. 

"  June  3. — Body  again  affected,  and  mind  sympa- 
thetic. To-day  considerably  relieved.  Whether 
climate,  or  want  of  active  exercise,  riding,  or  want 
of  objects  for  the  diversion  and  recreation  of  the 
mind,  I  know  not.  Have  made  some  change  in 
mode  of  living  as  a  trial,  upon  which  I  would  look 
for  the  Savior's  blessing.  I  believe  one  important 
object  is  to  reduce  my  pride.  A  want  of  ability  for 
much  application  keeps  me  ignorant,  and  a  sense  of 
this  ignorance  leaves  no  reason  or  desire  to  look 
upon  myself  as  anything.  I  feel  happy  in  throwing 
myself  upon  the  Savior's  promises.  If  He  is  with 
me,  and  my  steps  are  ordered  by  Him,  what  more 
do  I  want. 

"  17. — The  past  has  been  a  week  of  bodily  de- 
pression, and  sympathy  of  spirit.  I  am  distressed  to 
find,  that  at  such  times  my  thoughts  should  not  run 
upon  spiritual  things,  as  in  a  natural  channel.     It  is 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  127 

clearly  evident  that  such  reflections  demand  exer- 
tion, and  at  such  times  the  whole  man  shrinks  from 
exertion  of  any  kind." 

"  Jiily  8. — The  past  has  been  a  pleasant,  and  I 
believe  a  profitable  week.  Have  been  enabled  to 
devote  much  time  to  spiritual  exercises,  and  the  ad- 
vantages are  evident.  Heaven  has  appeared  nearer, 
and  its  glories  more  attractive.  Was  called  to  see 
a  poor  heathen  just  passing  into  eternity.  Was  dis- 
tressed at  his  situation,  (in  gross  darkness,)  but 
thrilled  at  the  idea  of  changing  places,  and  being  in 
the  same  dying  condition,  so  near  my  Father's  pres- 
ence. Considerable  encouragement  in  the  mission. 
Oh  for  better  qualifications.  Health  somewhat  im- 
proved. See  more  and  more  the  wisdom  of  improv- 
ing each  day,  without  looking  to  the  perad ventures 
of  the  future ;  '  For  the  morrow  shall  take  thought 
for  the  things  of  itself.' 

"  22. — Much  time  and  attention  still  given  to 
spiritual  exercises.  Aim  and  attainments  almost  as 
widely  different  as  extremes  can  be.  The  more  I 
experience,  the  more  I  am  impressed  wdth  the  duty 
and  happiness  of  a  life  of  heaven  upon  earth.  Am 
quite  shocked  at  the  inconsistency  of  vital  godliness 
with  anything  short  of  this.  Yet,  alas  !  how  many 
obstacles  and  enemies  are  opposed  to  such  a  hal- 
lowed life.  Rutherford's  'Prison  Enjoyments'  shows 
what  might  be  experienced,  and  what  ought  to  be 
aimed  at. 

*'  26. — The  greatness  of  God  expressed  in  the 
striking  language  of  the  Prophet — '  Behold  the  na- 
tions are  as  a  drop  of  the  bucket,'  and  the  connected 


128  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

verses — detained  me  in  profitable  reflection  two  or 
three  days.  How  encouraging  and  animating  to 
our  weak  faith,  when  overwhelmed  with  a  sense  of 
the  grandeur  of  Jehovah,  to  remember,  that  'God 
is  love.'  All  that  infinite  nature  is  one  infinite  at- 
tribute— ^love.  Oh  what  a  source  of  pure,  inexhaust- 
ible happiness  for  the  glorified  spirit,  both  in  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  nature,  and  the  direction  of  this 
love.  Another  portion  of  Scripture,  which  it  ap- 
peared almost  impossible  to  leave,  is  the  first  chapter 
of  Colossians,  especially  that  part  which  refers  to 
the  illustrious  conqueror.  What  a  victory  !  What 
weapons !  '  And  having  made  peace  through  the 
blood  of  the  cross,'  &c.  Millions  of  captives  torn 
from  hell,  and  drawn  by  that  love  to  eternal  glory, 
shall  cease  not  to  celebrate  the  triumphs  of  their 
Conqueror. 

"  September  22. — The  last  has  been  a  week  of 
peculiar  dulness.  There  are  times  when  it  seems 
improper  to  say  I  languish,  for  that  implies  strength; 
or  to  say  I  am  an  infant,  for  that  lives.  I  appear 
truly  dead.  Then  I  feel  my  especial  need  of  the 
Spirit,  of  the  free  sovereign  grace  of  God.  Then 
my  mind  is  the  thorough-fare,  and  too  frequently  the 
resting-place  of  every  unprofitable  worldly  thought. 
It  is  misery  indeed  to  endure  the  absence  of  Him 
whom  my  soul  loves.  No  worldly  scheme  or  hap- 
piness can  prove  the  least  substitute  for  this  enjoy- 
ment. Though  the  mind  flies  from  object  to  object, 
it  only  wearies  itself,  and  like  the  dove  finds  no  rest. 
Oh,  Jesus  !  return.  Other  trials  I  can  endure  when 
thou  art  with  me,  but  thine  absence  is  insupportable. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  129 

''November  27. — Many  changes  since  I  wrote. 
Have  again  left  Siam,  and  returned  to  Singapore. 
Very  little  spirituality  of  mind.  Oh,  what  depravity 
I  discover  in  my  heart.  Such  a  want  of  love  to  my 
Savior  and  brethren.  Such  a  want  of  interest  in 
the  successful  instrumentality  of  those  whose  honor 
I  should  prefer  to  my  own.  Such  pride,  envy, 
worldly-mindedness.  Oh,  my  God,  what  shall  the 
end  of  these  things  be  ?  I  want  to  be  moulded  anew 
in  my  Savior's  image,  to  emerge  from  the  world 
and  dwell  in  another,  even  a  spiritual  one.  I  groan 
and  sigh,  Jesus  make  me  holy  and  fit  for  my  work. 
Oh,  how  little  profitable  communion  there  is  among 
the  expectants  of  glory.  We  talk  rationally,  but 
much  is  wanting.  Our  conversation  results  in  but 
little  holiness.  Lord,  make  me  useful  to  my  breth- 
ren. What  a  difficult  thing  it  is  to  preserve  genuine 
zeal  in  the  Lord's  service.  What  constant  watch- 
fulness, self-examination,  love  to  our  brethren,  entire 
deadness  to  the  world,  and  heartfelt  humility,  are 
required  to  be  cherished.  Upon  such  a  soil,  and 
such  only,  zeal,  pure  and  approved  in  the  sight  of 
God,  can  flourish. 

''January  1,  1834. — Another  year  passed,  com- 
menced— still  spared.  In  reviewing  the  year  I  hope 
I  can  see  some  little  improvement.  In  what  ?  Cer- 
tainly nothing  very  evident — perhaps  nothing  at  all. 
I  believe  a  little  has  been  attempted  for  Jesus,  but 
Oh,  how  little  !  Part  of  the  time  considerable  en- 
joyment of  religion,  heavenly-mindedness — part  stu- 
pidity. Not  so  much  from  neglecting  the  means  of 
grace,  (I  mean  the  principal  of  them — private  devo- 
6* 


130  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

tion,)  as,  I  scarcely  know  what :  a  withdrawing  of 
the  Spirit's  influence  from  my  heart.  I  do  long  for 
perfect  holiness  and  fitness  for  my  work.  Oh,  my 
Father,  for  thine  own  sake  forgive  the  past.  And 
now  I  am  where  I  have  often  been — in  much  uncer- 
tainty of  the  future.  At  Singapore,  hesitating  about 
my  course,  whether  to  return  home  for  a  time.  My 
prayer  is  for  light,  and  I  feel  like  praying  in  faith. 
Are  there  not  many  promises  ?  I  fear  that  my  mind 
may  be  too  much  disposed  to  return,  and  yet  I  have 
no  definite  prospect  of  happiness  before  my  mind. 
Still  who  knows  the  heart  ?  Lord,  my  Father,  thou 
who  searchest  the  heart,  instruct  me  and  teach  me 
in  the  way  I  should  go. 

^' March  SI. — Mind  has  been  in  a  calm  and  happy 
frame,  disposed  to  relish  the  word  :  and  absorbed  in 
wonder  at  its  most  wonderful  theme — Jesus — ^re- 
demption. Have  enjoyed  some  impression  of  my 
relation  to  the  Savior,  and  dependence  upon  him 
as  a  co-worker,  '  a  star  in  his  right  hand.'  With 
what  encouraging  perseverance  we  can  preach, 
when  we  remember  what  we  are,  instruments  in 
Christ's  hand — what  our  object  is,  His  glory — how 
that  object  can  be  promoted,  by  His  power — who  is 
principally  concerned  in  its  promotion.  Himself — 
what  he  has  promised  in  regard  to  our  labors,  '  My 
word  shall  not  return  unto  me  void,' — and  in  what 
light  God  in  mercy  regards  us,  if  faithful,  '  We  are 
unto  God  a  sweet  savor  of  Christ,  in  them  that  are 
saved  and  in  them  that  perish.''  Such  views  com- 
pose and  sustain  the  mind,  when  our  work  appears 
to  be  hindered  by  those  events  which  are  beyond 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  131 

our  control.  With  such  things  our  instrumentality 
has  nothing  to  do,  and  in  regard  to  them  we  have 
nothing  to  say  or  think.  Whatever  may  be  effected 
through  effort  or  prayer,  it  is  our  duty  to  attempt ; 
but  when  our  vigorous  efforts  and  most  importu- 
nate prayers  are  unsuccessful,  it  would  be  sinful 
to  despond  or  imagine  we  may  not  be  acceptable, 
though  Israel  be  not  gathered,  as  though  every  pur- 
pose of  Infinity  was  found  to  square  with  our  views 
and  wishes.  Have  received  a  loud  call  from  the 
Board  to  return  home,  but  wait  to  know  the  Lord's 
pleasure. 

"April  10. — Jesus  is  everything  to  my  soul.  Oh, 
what  a  wonderful  subject,  a  wonder  almost  equalled 
by  my  indifference  to  it.  He  is  my  Creator,  my  Pre- 
server, and  my  Lord  ;  my  Friend  and  my  Brother, 
my  Husband,  my  Head,  my  food  and  drink,  the  gar- 
ment of  my  soul,  nay  my  life.  He  is  to  me,  what 
everything  else  is,  what  every  one  else  is." 


CHAPTER   VII. 

Mr.  Abeel  started  from  the  East  for  London  an 
the  25th  of  May,  1833.  His  passage  occupied  five- 
months,  during  which  time  his  health  rapidly  im- 
proved. We  find  the  following  reflections  in  his 
diary  recorded  after  a  few  days  of  his  voyage  had 
elapsed,  in  reference  to  his  past  course  and  present 
position. 

*' June  9,  1833. — How  short  has  been  my  mission- 
ary career.  I  have  done  very  little  in  the  way  of 
direct  labor.  I  thankfully  believe,  more,  indirectly. 
I  hope  others  will  be  stirred  up  to  attempt  what  my 
health  forbad,  and  what  may  much  more  redound  to 
the  glory  of  God  than  the  labors  of  a  single  indi- 
vidual. Why  my  health  has  declined,  I  have  no 
right  to  know.  If  for  the  punishment  of  my  sel- 
fishness and  unfaithfulness,  the  Lord  in  mercy  for- 
give and  save  me.  If  for  correction,  may  every 
gracious  object  of  my  Father's  mercy  be  gained. 
If  to  remove  me  to  other  scenes — may  I  be  much 
better  fitted  for  the  future  than  I  have  been  for  the 
past.  If  for  death — may  its  fear,  and  sting,  and 
dreadful  pangs  be  mercifully  taken  away.  I  have 
many  advantages  for  the  cultivation  of  living  piety. 
Excellent  accommodations,  much  leisure,  and  good 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  133 

books ;  but  find  my  body  something  of  a  clog — dull 
and  drowsy,  even  when  the  most  animating  subjects 
are  under  consideration.  Have  been  refreshed  with 
thoughts  of  my  Father's  compassion  and  love,  and 
of  my  Savior's  wondrous  sacrifice,  especially  '  to 
give  His  life  a  ransom  for  many.' " 

The  time  consumed  in  this  voyage,  was  a  season 
of  great  enjoyment  to  his  soul.  The  silence  of  the 
sea,  and  freedom  from  the  pressing  cares  of  mission- 
ary life,  afforded  him  much  opportunity  for  that  spir- 
itual communion  in  which  he  so  greatly  delighted. 
That  he  improved  it,  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
extracts. 

'^June  2. — A  short  week  has  hastened  away  since 
we  sailed.  My  mind  through  much  of  the  week  has 
been  composed,  and,  I  trust,  resigned  to  living  or 
dying.  Notwithstanding  a  deep  sense  of  my  sins, 
my  confidence  in  the  Savior  is  unshaken.  Jesus 
prepare  me  for  thy  glory. 

''  June  23, — How  admirably  the  Sabbath  is  adapt- 
ed to  holy  joy  and  praise,  and  all  the  nobler  exer- 
cises of  the  sanctified  heart.  Oh,  what  a  day  of 
hallowed  rejoicing,  its  associations  how  animating. 
Jesus  our  Life  arose,  His  stupendous  work  accom- 
plished, never  again  to  suffer  ;  but,  triumphant  over 
all  his  foes,  to  reiga  until  every  object  of  His  media- 
torial kingdorr*  is  gained,  and  every  one  of  His 
redeemed  family  exalted  to  the  perfection  of  His 
likeness,  an4  the  participation  of  His  joy.  Can 
there  be  a  communion  cf  feeling  and  interest  with 
the  Divine  Redeemer,  and  no  rejoicing  upon  this 
day?    And  then^  too,  the  prospect  of  an  eternal 


134  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Sabbath,  of  its  deliverance  from  sin,  temptation, 
infirmity,  indisposition,  inability  to  do  good,  prone- 
ness  and  power  to  do  evil,  weariness,  dulness,  vex- 
ing sights  and  sounds,  uncongenial  companions,  and 
dissatisfaction  with  self  If  existence  could  be  con- 
tinued in  the  absence  of  these  evils,  it  would  be  ex- 
ceedingly desirable;  add  to  this,  the  unimagined 
and  unimaginable  enjoyment  of  heaven — the  high- 
est perfection  of  the  spirit  with  the  greatest  capa- 
bilities for  comprehending,  admiring,  loving,  and 
'serving  God  and  the  Lamb — continually  transported 
with  the  smiles  of  His  favor,  the  fulness  of  His  joy, 
and  the  possession  of  His  likeness; — overflowing 
with  gratitude  for  the  wonders  of  redemption,  and 
the  leadings  of  Providence, — in  sweetest  co-opera- 
tion with  unnumbered  millions  of  the  most  excel- 
lent, loving,  and  beloved  companions — these  consti- 
tute a  portion  of  the  blessings  which  make  up 
heaven :  but  how  small  a  part  do  we  know  !  These 
should  awaken  the  soul  to  praise  and  joyfulness 
upon  this  day." 

"  September  8. — The  past  week  has  been  a  season 
of  peculiar  spiritual  enjoyment.  My  heart  has  been 
overflowing  with  the  goodness  of  the  Lord.  At 
these  times  of  the  Savior's  special  visitation,  how 
ready  the  soul  is  for  every  duty  of  devotion.  The 
word  is  like  oil,  which  causes  the  fire  to  blaze,  when- 
ever it  is  applied.  The  earth  loses  its  attraction ; 
and  all  its  creatures,  inanimate  objects,  and  events 
are  converted  into  mirrors,  to  reflect  the  infinite 
excellence  of  a  faithful  Creator.  As  the  eye  glances 
over  the   past,   'discriminating  love'   appears  in- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  135 

scribed  on  every  object  it  meets.  Rapture  is  in 
every  thought  of  the  transmundane  future.  Praise 
and  prayer,  and  glowing  contemplation,  become  the 
very  element  of  the  soul.  There  is  a  spirit  to  at- 
tempt every  labor,  to  conquer  every  difficulty,  to 
welcome  every  trial.  In  a  word,  there  is  a  heart 
for  everything  that  comes  from  God,  or  partakes  of 
God,  or  leads  to  God.  '  God  in  Christ  reconciling 
the  world,'  is  then,  and  it  ever  must  remain,  the 
theme  beyond  all  conception.  Am  passing  the  lati- 
tude of  my  West  India  friends,  and  have  been  inter- 
ceding for  them  at  a  throne  of  grace." 

During  the  greater  part  of  this  voyage,  he  was 
engaged  on  Sabbath,  in  preaching  the  Gospel  to  the 
passengers  and  crew  of  the  ship,  and  in  religious 
conversation.  Nor  were  his  efforts  in  vain,  for  we 
find  it  recorded  in  his  diary,  that  there  had  been 
two  or  three  conversions  during  the  passage.  Thus 
the  Lord  gave  him  success  wherever  he  went, 
whether  among  the  heathen,  or  those  who  enjoyed 
the  means  of  grace. 

He  reached  England  October  21st,  1833.  He 
thus  writes  to  his  friends  from  London : — "  With 
great  pleasure  I  inform  you  that  we  have  arrived, 
and  have  once  more  escaped  the  dangers  of  the  sea. 
About  a  week  ago  we  made  the  land  ;  and  the  day 
before  yesterday  took  the  steamboat  about  forty 
miles  below  London,  and  arrived  in  the  evening.  I 
have  the  greatest  reason  for  gratitude.  My  health 
is  greatly  improved,  and  all  the  alarming  symptoms 
are  mitigated.  Another  source  of  gratitude,  is  the 
deliverance  we  have  had  from  great  apparent  dan- 


136  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ger,  during  a  gale  encountered  off  the  Western 
Islands.  *  *      *  * 

"  I  am  very  busy,  delivering  letters  of  introduc- 
tion, &c.,  &c.  With  kindest  love  to  all,  and  many 
prayers  that  we  may  all  meet  as  Christians.  Yours 
most  affectionately,  D.  A." 

He  soon  formed  many  interesting  acquaintances, 
enjoying  religious  intercourse  with  a  keen  relish, 
increased  by  the  circumstance  of  his  having  been 
so  long  in  a  great  measure  deprived  of  it.  He  thus 
expresses  the  delight  which  he  experienced  :  "  Dec. 
18th. — Arrived  in  England  a  month  and  a  half  ago. 
Found  hosts  of  Christian  friends  read}^  to  welcome 
me  to  their  houses  and  hearts.  Have  made  many 
delightful  acquaintances.  Much  overcome  by  the 
difference,  the  infinite  difference,  between  heathen 
and  Christian  lands.  The  very  sound  of  another's 
voice  in  prayer  like  music.  Have  heard  much  good 
preaching  of  different  denominations — all  one  in 
Christ." 

After  remaining  for  a  short  time  in  London,  he 
was  advised  by  his  physicians  to  continue  in  Eu- 
rope, and  to  defer  crossing  the  Atlantic  until  the 
winter  had  passed.  He  followed  this  advice ;  and 
in  December,  passed  over  to  the  Continent,  and 
journeyed  to  Paris,  where  he  remained  for  a  con- 
siderable time  preaching  and  sustaining  missionary 
meetings  among  the  Protestant  residents. 

He  was  in  Paris  at  the  commencement  of  the 
new  year,  and  we  find  this  record  of  his  reflections 
on  the  events  of  the  year  past. 

*'  January  1,  1834. — I  am  again  brought  to  the 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  137 

close  and  the  commencement  of  another  year.  The 
rapidity  of  the  last  annual  period  astomids  me.  My 
thoughts  are  thrown  powerfully  back  upon  the 
event  which  occurred  nearly  a  year  ago,  and  I  can 
scarcely  imagine  that  my  beloved  Brother  Burn 
has  been  in  eternity  one  year.  I  remember  my 
emotions  and  desires  on  that  solemn  occasion  ;  but 
alas  !  I  do  not  find  those  fruits,  which  I  hoped  would 
result  from  the  event.  The  first  five  months  w^ere 
spent  principally  in  Singapore.  I  hope  and  believe 
good  w^as  done.  The  Lord  taught  me  some  lessons 
which  should  have  kept  me  in  the  dust  all  my  life. 
I  saw  the  folly  of  regarding  myself  as  anything  in 
the  kingdom  of  Christ,  and  was  forcibly  reminded 
to  put  no  confidence  in  an  arm  of  flesh.  At  the 
close  of  May,  I  embarked,  in  great  weakness,  for 
England.  All  the  future  was  like  midnight.  The 
next  five  months  were  spent  at  sea.  My  fears 
were  dissipated,  my  hopes  more  than  realized.  God 
spared  me,  gave  me  back  my  life  from  the  grave, 
and  blessed  my  soul  with  the  joys  of  His  commun- 
ion. Here  too,  there  is  reason  to  believe  the  Lord 
made  me  useful.  To  Him  be  all  the  glory,  for  He 
showed  me  His  powder  as  separate  as  possible  from 
my  feeble  efforts.  The  remainder  of  the  year  has 
been  passed  in  England  and  France.  On  my  re- 
turn, my  mind  was  greatly  excited  in  the  enjoyment 
of  Christian  communion,  and  the  ordinances  of  re- 
ligion. I  fear  it  was  not  profitable ;  as  since  that, 
there  has  been  a  mournful  state  of  mental  distraction 
and  diversion  from  heaven.  Is  this  to  be  the  effect 
of  changing  scenes  ?     Shall  I  have  no  power  to  re- 


138  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sist  these  temptations  ?  Jesus  forbid  it.  Grant  me 
thy  power — forgive  all  my  sins — sprinkle  my  con- 
science from  dead  works — and  let  the  opening  year 
prove  much  more  profitable  to  me,  and  witness 
much  more  love,  and  zeal,  and  self-denial  in  me, 
than  any  preceding  period.  For  forgiveness,  pres- 
ervation, every  motion  of  spiritual  life,  every  ray 
of  heavenly  wisdom,  everything  acceptable  to  Thee, 
and  beneficial  to  myself  and  others,  I  am  totally, 
and  must  be  constantly  dependent  upon  Thee.  Oh, 
what  shall  occur  during  this  year  ?" 

From  Paris  he  journeyed  through  different  parts 
of  the  Continent,  diffusing  missionary  information, 
and  at  the  same  time  recruiting  his  physical  powers. 
He  visited  Holland,  and  parts  of  Prussia,  Germany, 
and  Switzerland.  In  Holland,  he  expected  to  trans- 
act business  in  reference  to  the  connection  of  his 
own  church  at  home  with  its  parent,  in  the  work  of 
Missions ;  but  having  arrived  before  the  meeting  of 
the  Synod  of  the  Church  of  Holland,  and  not  being 
able  to  delay  in  his  arrangements,  he  was  in  some 
degree  disappointed. 

He  describes  in  a  letter,  his  travels  through 
France  and  Switzerland.  "More  than  a  fortnight 
has  elapsed  since  my  departure  from  London  ;  since 
which  I  have  visited,  very  hastily,  the  principal  parts 
of  Holland,  and  some  of  the  most  interesting  sec- 
tions of  Germany.  My  object  was  to  form  some 
kind  of  a  connection  between  the  churches  at  home 
and  in  Holland,  with  a  view  of  co-operating  in 
Foreign  Missions.  As  there  has  been  no  meeting  of 
Synod  here  since  I  arrived,  and  as  there  is  no  prob- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  139 

ability  of  convening  a  meeting  before  next  month, 
(July,)  it  is  quite  impossible  to  say  how  far  I  shall 
succeed  in  my  plans.  The  Dutch  have  almost  for- 
gotten that  there  is  a  church  in  America,  called  by 
their  own  name.  Still  I  have  reason  to  hope,  that, 
as  I  have  engaged  some  of  the  chief  and  the  best 
men  to  assist,  something  will  be  accomplished.  Be- 
ing so  near  many  of  the  most  interesting  and  talked- 
of  objects  on  the  Continent,  I  concluded  to  spend  a 
few  more  days,  in  gratifying  curiosity ;  especially 
as  it  could  be  done  with  evident  advantage,  both  to 
my  health  and  my  higher  pursuits.  I  have  sailed 
up  the  celebrated  Rhine,  passed  through  parts  of 
Prussia  and  Germany,  and  expect  to  reach  Switzer- 
land to-morrow.  I  calculate  on  as  rapid  movements 
as  possible  or  consistent.  Being  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  celebrated  mountains  of  Switzerland,  I  hope  to 
see  them  all,  spend  a  few  days  in  Geneva  and  other 
parts,  and  then  proceed  as  quickly  as  possible  to 
Liverpool  to  embark.  I  fear  it  will  be  nearly  the 
middle  of  July  before  this  can  be  done.  I  find 
friends  wonderfully  provided  for  me,  wherever  I  go. 
I  am  now  in  company  with  a  young  man  whom  I 
met  in  the  steamboat  on  the  Rhine,  and  with  whom 
I  hope  to  proceed  to  Geneva.  By  the  time  of  my 
return,  I  shall  have  traveled  considerably,  and  I 
hope  with  profit.  This  letter  I  am  writing  piece- 
meal. We  are  at  this  moment  in  a  small  town  near 
the  borders  of  Switzerland,  where  w^e  see  none  but 
those  rough-looking  Germans,  importations  of  which 
I  have  seen,  when  a  little  fellow,  in  New  Brunswick. 
They    appear  to   me   as  filthy    as  possible.     Men, 


140  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

women,  horses,  dogs,  everything  together  and  much 
ahke.  They  form  a  most  striking  contrast  to  the 
ever  scrubbing  and  washing  Hollanders.  Crosses 
with  images  are  stuck  up  in  every  direction.  Cath- 
olicism, of  course,  reigns  where  these  are  seen ;  but 
this  is  not  the  case  with  all  the  states  of  Germany. 
Still  my  interest  is  considerably  diminished  by  the 
strong  desire  to  see  you  all,  and  commence  my  im- 
portant duties  at  home.  I  am  now  writing  at  Basil, 
the  seat  of  the  most  celebrated  missionary  institution 
in  Europe.  I  have  received  the  greatest  kindness 
and  hospitality  from  all,  and  am  staying  in  the  Mis- 
sion-House." 

He  also  recorded  these  incidents  in  his  private 
diary. 

*'  July  27,  1834. — Have  wandered  through  many 
countries  since  the  last  date.  Visited  much  of  Hol- 
land, many  places  in  Germany  and  Prussia,  and 
some  most  interesting  portions  of  Switzerland. 
Have  been  quite  overwhelmed  with  the  wonders  of 
the  Lord  in  the  works  of  creation.  Oh  the  grandeur 
of  my  God  and  Savior!  Have  made  numbers  of 
most  interesting  Christian  acquaintances,  and  been 
profited  by  their  spirit  and  devotedness.  Have 
av/akened  considerable  attention  and  Christian  sym- 
pathy, in  behalf  of  China,  and  neighboring  regions. 
To  the  Lord,  the  source  of  all  good,  be  all  the  glory. 
Have  returned  sick,  and  been  detained  in  London 
under  the  hands  of  the  physician.  By  the  Lord's 
especial  kindness,  have  aided  in  forming  a  society 
for  female  education  in  China  and  the  surrounding 
countries.     An  auspicious  commencement.     Bodily 


MEMOIR    or    DAVID    ABEEL.  141 

weakness  very  great,  and  the  future  uncertain.  Oh 
how  necessary  to  be  brought  to  a  frequent  pause. 
I  fear  that  I  seldom  live  as  I  ought,  except  when  I 
feel  the  sentence  of  death  in  myself  Left  London 
yesterday,  and  am  now  in  Birmingham.  Hope  to 
be  at  sea  before  next  Sabbath.  How  much  I  feel 
attached  to  dear  friends,  with  whom  I  have  been 
passing  much  time.  To-day,  thoughts  of  my  God 
most  cheering.  My  Father,  my  Brother  !  what  more 
can  I  wish  or  have.  Alleine's  '  Heaven  Opened' 
shows  impressively  what  a  covenant  God  and  Sa- 
vior He  is  to  those  who  believe.  I  am  convinced, 
and  have  long  been  persuaded,  that  one  most  im- 
portant means  of  grace,  and  comfort,  and  transport, 
is  having  these  subjects  frequently  before  the  mind. 
Under  any  circumstances,  we  may  ask  ourselves  the 
question,  What  do  I  most  desire  ?  Perhaps  it  is 
holiness — the  power  of  resisting  evil — zeal — dead- 
ness  to  the  world — spirituality  of  mind — a  single  eye 
— a  simple  motive — love  to  every  brother — and  the 
death  of  all  selfishness.  Are  not  these  things  prom- 
ised ?  And  does  not  the  possession  of  God,  our  Sun 
and  Shield — our  Portion  and  Rest — include  these 
very  blessings  ?  Perhaps  we  sigh  for  friendship — 
congenial,  inseparable  friendship.  '  What  a  friend  we 
have  in  Jesus  and  his  Father.  All  the  excellencies 
we  most  admire  and  desire  are  here,  and  are  ours. 
Do  we  wish  deliverance  from  infirmities  and  pains, 
and  support  and  direction  under  them?  Or  aie  we 
sighing  for  a  better  state  of  things  without  us  ?  God 
is  our  refuge  now  ;  and  in  the  best  time  will  remove 
us  to  a  society  where  nothing  will  be  wanting  to 


142  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

answer  our  strongest  desires,  but  much  enjoyed  to 
exceed  them  all.  A  few  such  questions  and  con- 
siderations will  often  raise  the  soul  to  heaven ;  and 
the  more  frequently  the  infinite  goodness  of  God  our 
Portion,  and  the  infinite  fullness  of  Jesus  our  Advo- 
cate, are  contemplated,  the  more  happy  and  holy 
must  we  be  on  earth,  and  the  more  willing  and 
ready  to  leave  the  world." 

Wherever  he  w^ent,  he  endeavored  to  extend  in- 
formation in  reference  to  that  portion  of  the  heathen 
world,  in  which  a  part  of  his  life  had  been  spent. 
He  met  with  much  success  in  all  these  efforts,  and 
much  interest  was  excited  by  his  representations  of 
the  subject  in  France  and  Switzerland,  as  well  as  in 
England. 

He  returned  to  England,  July  25,  and  travelled 
through  different  parts  where  there  were  objects 
worthy  of  inspection.  He  preached  at  London, 
Birmingham,  and  Edinburgh.  The  following  letter 
has  been  received  since  his  decease,  from  a  lady, 
under  whose  roof  he  passed  much  of  his  time  while 
in  London. 

"  Twelve  years  have  elapsed  since  his  brief  so- 
journ in  this  land ;  but  none  who  had  the  privilege 
of  knowing  him  then,  are  hkely  to  forget  him,  for 
he  was  indeed  '  a  burning  and  a  shining  light.'  He 
came  to  us  immediately  on  his  arrival  from  the 
East,  worn  by  disease,  and  apparently  disqualified 
for  active  service.  Such  was  his  prevailing  spirit- 
uality of  mind  and  devotedness  to  the  Redeemer's 
cause,  that  it  was  impossible  to  be  within  the  circle 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  143 

of  his  influence  without  deriving  advantage  from 
it.  There  was  nothing  austere,  narrow-nninded,  or 
extravagant  in  his  religion.  There  was  a  beautiful 
symmetry,  a  holiness,  refinement,  and  tenderness 
about  it  which  struck  the  most  ungodly.  Every 
one  felt  that  he  was  in  earnest,  that  he  had  a  deep 
enjoyment  of  divine  things,  and  an  aptitude  to  seize 
upon  every  occasion  of  usefulness,  far  beyond  what 
is  usually  attained.  There  was  in  his  character 
that  combination  of  faith,  hope,  and  charity,  which 
the  Apostle  Paul  so  well  delineates ;  and  as  it  re- 
garded his  daily  life,  it  might  indeed  be  said  that  he 
*  walked  in  the  Spirit.'  During  his  abode  in  our 
family,  his  physical  debility  and  suffering  were,  at 
times,  great ;  but  he  knew  how  to  rejoice  in  tribula- 
tion, and  could  say  from  the  heart, '  The  will  of  the 
Lord  be  done.'  Often  after  seasons  of  pain  and 
exhaustion,  he  would  ask  one  of  us  to  read  him  a 
portion  of  the  Bible  ;  and  as  he  became  interested  in 
the  subject,  his  spirits  gradually  revived.  It  was  his 
custom,  while  rising  of  a  morning,  to  sing  a  hymn  ; 
and  he  always  left  his  Bible  open  on  his  dressing- 
table,  that  whenever  he  went  into  his  room  some 
passage  of  divine  truth  might  arrest  his  eye.  At 
the  breakfast-table  he  generally  asked  what  we  had 
been  reading  in  our  closets ;  and,  whether  others 
were  prepared  or  not,  he  was  always  ready  to  fur- 
nish his  quota  of  spiritual  entertainment.  This  plan 
greatly  interested  the  younger  members  of  our  fam- 
ily, aiid  even  the  servants  lingered  in  the  room  at 
meal-times,  to  catch  some  gracious  word  that  fell 
from  his  lips.     During  his  voyage  from  China,  he 


144  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

had  been  useful  to  three  persons  on  board  the  vessel; 
and  whilst  he  was  in  England,  the  same  success 
attended  his  efforts  to  win  souls  to  Jesus.  To  more 
than  one  individual  in  our  circle  he  became  pecul- 
iarly endeared  as  a  father  in  Christ ;  and  to  others 
he  lent  the  helping  hand,  and  was  regarded  by  them, 
in  every  sense,  as  a  brother  and  friend.  I  might 
introduce  many  touching  incidents,  which  are  en- 
graven on  their  hearts,  but  I  forbear.  I  would, 
however,  notice  one  point  of  no  small  importance, 
as  accounting  for  his  remarkable  success.  He  was 
unusually  devoted  to  prayer.  He  could  indeed  say, 
*  For  this  thing  I  prayed :'  for  there  was  nothing 
vague  and  indefinite  in  his  petitions.  Usually  he 
spent  some  time  in  his  chamber  towards  noon, 
for  the  purpose  of  remembering  certain  individuals 
on  whose  conversion  his  heart  was  set ;  and  at  other 
times,  he  would  unite  with  Christian  friends  for  the 
same  purpose.  He  loved  to  speak  of  heaven ;  for 
it  was  a  theme  on  which  he  was  peculiarly  at  home. 
His  favorite  view  of  it,  was  that  of  being  with  Christ, 
to  behold  His  glory.  At  that  time  he  scarcely  ex- 
pected to  reach  America,  much  less  to  return  to 
China  ;  but  he  was  always  urging  upon  us  to  do  our 
utmost  for  that  vast  land.  His  representations  of 
the  state  of  the  heathen,  and  of  the  responsibility  of 
the  Christian  Church,  were  most  solemn  and  affect- 
ing. He  had  no  sympathy  with  a  hollow,  half- 
hearted attachment  to  the  cause  of  Christ.  His 
had  never  been  the  *  middle  walk  of  Christianity ;' 
having  himself  forsaken  all  for  Christ,  he  could,  and 
did  insist  in  every  case,  upon  the  same  surrender. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  145 

Not  in  private  alone,  but  at  the  anniversary  of  our 
Bible  Society  at  Exeter  Hall,  he  came  forward, 
notwithstanding  his  weakness,  and  challenged  the 
young  students  in  our  colleges  to  join  the  missionary 
host.  I  think  I  see  and  hear  him  now,  turning  to 
them,  and  saying  with  unusual  energy,  '  And  who 
has  given  you  a  dispensation  to  remain  at  home, 
when  the  whole  world  is  calling  so  loudly  for  as- 
sistance V 

'•  Whilst  Mr.  Abeel  was  in  this  country  he  visited 
distinguished  characters, — ministers  and  others,  of 
all  religious  persuasions,  taking  little  notice  of  their 
distinctions,  so  that  they  were  sound  in  the  great 
principles  of  the  Gospel.  In  every  true  Christian 
he  recognized  a  brother,  a  child  of  God,  an  heir  of 
glory  ;  and  this  was  at  all  times  enough  to  ensure 
his  affectionate  sympathy  and  co-operation.  His 
lanojua^e  seemed  to  be,  whenever  a  discordant  note 
was  struck — '  Dear  friends,  the  world  is  perishing ; 
let  us  first  look  to  its  salvation,  and  then  settle  our 
differences.'  Before  he  quitted  England,  he  united 
with  the  Rev.  Baptist  Noel,  and  a  few  ladies,  in 
forming  the  Society  for  promoting  Female  Educa- 
tion in  China  and  the  East.  The  first  appeal  was 
drawn  up  by  him,  and  the  profits  of  his  missionary 
narrative  were  devoted  to  its  support.  Nearly  forty 
ladies,  of  different  denominations,  have  been  sent 
out  as  the  result  of  this  effort :  and  much  assistance 
has  been  rendered  in  other  ways,  towards  the  en- 
couragement of  mission  schools. 

"  As  the  time  drew  near  for  his  departure,  our  in- 
tercourse became  increasingly  serious  and  prayer? 
7 


146  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ful.  We  felt  it  very  unlikely  that  we  should  meet 
again  in  this  world  ;  and  from  the  maturity  of  his 
Christian  character,  it  appeared  as  if  he  might  soon 
be  summoned  to  his  heavenly  home.  Never  can  I 
forget  the  energy  with  which  he  continually  spoke 
of  the  believer's  privileges  and  responsibilities.  In- 
deed his  whole  residence  under  our  roof,  formed  an 
appropriate  comment  on  that  passage,  '  Be  not  for- 
getful to  entertain  strangers,  for  thereby  some  have 
entertained  angels  unawares.'  The  last  sentence 
uttered  at  the  moment  of  separation,  deserves  to  be 
recorded  ;  it  was  this — '  Farewell !  Avhile  we  seek 
with  increasing  diligence  the  salvation  of  others, 
may  we  never  be  guilty  of  neglecting  our  own 
souls.'  Such  a  caution  is  indeed  peculiarly  appro- 
priate to  the  period  in  which  v/e  live  ;  and  to  those, 
who,  from  their  situation  in  the  church,  are  neces- 
sarily much  engrossed  by  all  that  is  going  on." 

In  August,  he  sailed  for  America,  where  he  ar- 
rived in  September.  It  was  a  season  of  joy,  when 
he  was  permitted  again  to  meet  in  the  body  those 
whom  he  loved.  This  delight  was  only  alloyed  by 
the  recollection,  that  the  failure  of  his  health  and 
strength  was  the  cause  of  his  return. 

Immediately  after  his  arrival  in  the  United  States, 
Mr.  Abeel  commenced  his  labors  in  behalf  of  that 
field  of  operations  in  which  he  had  always  been  en- 
gaged. As  his  strength  allowed,  he  went  from  one 
place  to  another,  preaching  the  Gospel,  and  forming 
associations  for  the  purpose  of  regular  contributions 
toward  the  cause  of  foreign  missions.  He  visited 
the  principal  cities  of  New  pngland  in  the  course 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  147 

of  these  efforts.  In  January,  1835,  he  left  the  north 
for  a  warmer  climate  ;  designing  to  prosecute  his 
labors  in  that  part  of  the  country  where  he  would 
be  able,  at  the  same  time,  to  cherish  his  bodily 
strength.  The  following  letter,  written  at  this  time, 
will  show%  that,  although  he  was  then  in  a  critical 
state  of  health,  he  did  not  in  any  way  spare  himself 
in  his  exertions  for  the  perishing  heathen. 

•'  Near  Richmond,  Virginia,  February  27th,  1835. 
*•'  I  wrote  you  from  Washington,  and  expected  to 
find  a  reply  at  Richmond,  but  was  disappointed. 
Perhaps  I  may  receive  one  on  my  return  to  that 
city.  Since  I  wrote,  I  have  been  travelling  almost 
incessantly.  I  visited  Alexandria,  and  held  a  meet- 
ing— thence  to  Fredericksburgh — thence  to  Char- 
lottesville, the  former  residence  of  Mr.  Jefferson — 
thence  to  Richmond,  whither  I  am  now  returning — 
and  thence  to  Union  Seminary,  Prince  Edward's 
county,  Virginia.  The  stages  are  so  infrequent  and 
loaded,  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  return  to  Rich- 
mond, to  fulfil  my  appointments  there.  I  am  now 
writing  in  a  miserable  old  tavern,  forty  miles  from 
Richmond ;  w^here  I  came  to-day,  hoping  to  get  a 
passage.  But  alas !  if  I  succeed  at  all,  I  must  wait 
till  to-morrow,  and  then  take  the  mail  cart,  a  ve- 
hicle on  tw^o  wheels  and  without  springs, — I  fear 
without  seats.  Since  I  left  Washington,  my  time 
has  passed  swiftly,  and  I  trust  profitably.  The 
meetings  I  have  appointed,  have  been  well  attended 
and  interesting.  A  few  days  ago,  I  spent  a  season 
in  the  house  of  a  pious  lady,  who  has  opened  her 


148  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

dwelling  for  the  education  of  young  ladies ;  not 
from  necessity,  but  to  employ  her  leisure  time  and 
spacious  mansion  to  the  most  advantage.  Female 
education,  and  especially  Christian  education,  has 
been  sadly  neglected  in  Virginia.  I  conversed  with 
her  pupils  about  the  heathen,  and  about  themselves, 
and  the  Lord  appeared  to  bless  the  efforts.  Several 
of  them  became  deeply  affected  in  view  of  their 
own  sinfulness,  and  all  of  their  small  number,  with 
many  sobs  and  tears,  agreed  when  I  left  them,  to 
meet  me  in  heaven.  I  have  seldom  witnessed  a 
more  solemn  scene.  What  will  be  the  result  can- 
not be  definitely  foreseen  ;  but  that  the  solemn  vow 
of  many  of  them  will  be  remembered  and  fulfilled, 
I  will  not  hesitate  to  believe. 

"  At  Prince  Edward,  whence  I  am  now  returning 
to  Richmond,  I  have  had  a  very  profitable  time. 
The  seminary  contains  upwards  of  twenty  students, 
and  the  college  about  fifty  or  sixty.  Three  or  four 
of  their  number  are  decided  on  becoming  foreign 
missionaries,  and  many  more  have  been  stirred  up  to 
a  solemn  and  prayerful  investigation  of  their  duty. 
Last  year,  four  of  the  students  from  this  seminary 
embarked  for  heathen  lands.  After  preaching  in 
the  church,  and  in  the  chapel  of  the  seminary,  the 
students  of  the  college  requested  me  to  deliver  an 
address  in  the  college,  on  the  moral  condition  of 
China.  The  meeting  was  crowded,  and  I  was  en- 
abled to  speak  with  plainness,  not  only  on  the  con- 
dition of  the  heathen,  but  on  the  fearful  responsi- 
bilities of  each  one  of  them.  The  Lord  in  mercy 
grant,  that  the  solemn   exercises  of  that  evening 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  149 

may  result  in  the  conversion  of  many  of  their  num- 
ber ;  and  through  them,  in  the  eternal  happiness  of 
many  of  the  heathen.  The  intercourse  with  the 
professors  and  students  of  this  institution  has  been 
delightful  and  edifying.  I  have  met  with  several 
men  of  distinguished  piety  and  excellence  in  Vir- 
ginia. Their  example  proves  most  influential,  and 
every  Christian  who  comes  wdthin  their  atmosphere, 
must  feel  its  sanctifying  tendency.  Oh,  how  neces- 
sary is  living,  glowing,  active  godliness,  to  our  per- 
sonal happiness,  and  the  benefit  of  others.  What  is 
a  cold  external  profession — '  a  name  to  live  ?'  I  be- 
lieve there  is  no  other  good  influence  which  acts 
with  such  amazing  power  as  that  of  vital  godliness. 
How  it  arouses,  and  rebukes,  and  stimulates,  and 
restrains.  Oh,  let  us  all  strive  more  than  ever,  for 
great  attainments  in  the  divine  life.  Why  are  we 
living  in  Christian  lands  ?  Why  is  our  lot  not  cast 
among  the  heathen  ?  Surrounded  as  we  all  are 
with  every  sanctifying  influence,  what  ought  to 
prevent  us  from  eminent  sanctity.  My  mind  has 
been  much  on  these  and  similar  subjects,  since  we 
parted.  Travelling  has  not  the  effect  upon  me  of 
which  many  complain.  Instead  of  distracting  my 
mind,  I  am  now  so  accustomed  to  its  vicissitudes, 
that  I  can  employ  the  leisure  it  furnishes  to  much 
profit.  I  often  enjoy  riding  alone,  or  unknown,  in 
stages.  It  affords  so  much  time  for  meditation,  and 
I  repeat  what  I  have  so  often  remarked,  that  noth- 
ing is  more  beneficial  to  the  soul,  than  solemn  and 
deliberate  reflection. 

"  I  hope  to-morrow  to  reach  Richmond,  where  I 


150  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

shall  probably  spend  the  greater  part  of  a  week  ; 
thence  go  to  Petersburgh  and  Fayetteville,  Raleigh 
and  Columbia,  in  which  place  I  hope  to  arrive  about 
the  middle  of  March.  Whether  I  shall  proceed  im- 
mediately to  Charleston,  or  whether  I  shall  leave 
that  place  for  the  port  of  embarkation,  I  have  not 
determined.  I  wish  to  visit  as  many  churches  and 
institutions  as  possible,  and  hope  to  receive  advice 
at  Columbia.  If  you  have  not  written,  or  when 
you  write,  address  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
The  roads  are  miserable,  probably  six  inches  of 
snow  on  the  ground." 

"  Richmond,  March  1. 

*'  Arrived  here  on  Saturday  evening,  after  the 
most  uncomfortable  ride  I  ever  took.  Forty  miles 
in  a  cart,  with  a  miserable  seat,  and  still  more  mis- 
erable roads.  Yesterday  preached.  A  very  cold 
day,  and  not  many  out.  To-night  will  be  a  concert 
of  prayer.  To-morrow  hold  a  meeting  for  ladies, 
in  regard  to  female  education  in  China.  Thursday, 
go  to  Petersburgh,  and  thence  to  Columbia,"  &c. 

He  left  si  deep  impression  in  behalf  of  his  cher- 
ished cause  wherever  he  preached.  Much  of  his 
time  was  spent  in  visiting  Colleges  and  Theological 
Seminaries,  in  raising  the  tone  of  piety  and  conse- 
cration of  spirit  among  their  members,  and  inciting 
all  to  labors  in  behalf  of  the  heathen.  The  follow- 
ing letter  has  been  received  from  a  clergyman  who 
was  then  connected  with  one  of  the  seminaries 
which  he  visited.     He  records  in  it,  the  impressions 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  151 

in  regard  to  the  character  and  work  of  Mr.  Abeel, 
made  on  his  own  mind  in  listening  to  his  appeals, 
and  conversing  with  him. 

"  I  had  the  pleasure  of  making  acquaintance  with 
Mr.  Abeel,  during  a  visit  he  made  to  Virginia,  in  the 
year  1834  or  '35.  I  have  still  in  my  possession  two 
or  three  letters  I  subsequently  received  from  him, 
but  they  contain  nothing  of  special  interest.  Yet  I 
have  thought  it  might  not  be  amiss  to  give  you  some 
little  information  in  regard  to  what  I  saw  of  him 
during  that  visit.  I  was  then  at  Union  Seminary ; 
and,  I  suppose  few  of  those  then  connected  with  it, 
or  any  of  the  other  institutions  about  Prince  Edward 
Court  House,  will  have  forgotten  to  this  day,  the 
time  spent  among  us  by  Mr.  A.  I  w^ell  recollect  the 
day  that  he  reached  the  seminary.  Some  of  us 
were  in  the  public  hall,  looking  at  what  the  mail  had 
brought  that  morning,  when  a  stranger  of  genteel 
appearance  presented  himself  at  the  door,  and  in- 
quired the  way  to  Dr.  Baxter's.  We  were  greatly 
surprised  to  hear  afterwards  who  it  was ;  for  he  had 
dropped  in  upon  us  in  our  quiet  retreat  without  any 
notice  of  his  coming — at  least,  without  any  knowl- 
edge of  it  on  the  part  of  the  students.  He  spent 
but  a  few  days  with  us,  but  they  were  filled  up  with^ 
labors  in  behalf  of  the  cause  he  had  so  much  at 
heart.  Indeed  I  thought  he  labored  almost  beyond 
his  strength ;  for  his  health,  as  you  know,  was  fee- 
ble. Besides  a  sermon  at  the  college  church  in  the 
morning,  he  addressed  the  students  of  the  seminary 
on  the  afternoon  of  the   Sabbath  he  was  with  us. 


152  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

On  Monday  afternoon,  he  addressed  the  students  of 
Hampden  Sydney  College,  and  the  night  of  the 
same  day,  visited  the  large  female  institution  of 
Mr.  Root,  at  the  Court  House.  The  impression  left 
upon  the  institutions  and  the  neighborhood  seemed 
to  be  a  most  happy,  and  I  believe  it  was  not  a  mere 
transient  one.  Mr.  A.'s  manners  were  very  gentle- 
manly and  engaging,  and  I  thought  that  he  often 
rose,  in  his  public  addresses,  to  a  high  style  of  ora- 
tory. But  his  influence  for  good  was  based  upon 
something  more  substantial  than  either  of  these. 
He  manifested  an  ardent  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
Christ  and  a  lost  world.  Indeed  he  seemed  to  me 
to  possess  very  much  the  kind  and  degree  of  enthu- 
siasm, which  is  necessary  to  those  who  have  to 
operate  in  behalf  of  a  good  cause  on  colder  minds. 
And  then,  in  laying  down  the  duty  of  Christians  in 
respect  to  missions,  he  placed  the  foundation  in 
radical  principles.  He  urged  especially,  the  obliga- 
tion of  an  entire  consecration  to  the  cause  of  Christ, 
as  involved  in  the  Christian  profession  itself.  He 
presented  the  whole  world  as  the  field,  where  not 
only  candidates  for  the  ministry,  but  all  pious  young 
men,  and  even  those  who  were  not  pious,  were  call- 
ed of  God  to  enter,  and  labor  at  His  discretion  and 
for  His  glory.  I  shall  never  forget  the  impressive 
•manner  in  which  he  held  up  this  view  before  the 
students  of  the  college.  The  effect  was,  I  thought, 
a  most  happy  illustration  of  some  of  the  principles 
which  he  had  himself  advanced,  in  regard  to  the  re- 
flex and  collateral  influence  of  the  missionary  spirit. 
The  general  piety  of  the  seminary,  as  well  as  the 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  153 

interest  in  Missions  seemed  to  be  quickened.  Some 
of  the  young  men  of  the  college  who  were  before 
professedly  pious,  seemed  at  that  time  to  rise  to  a 
higher  tone  of  Christian  character.  Indeed  I  know 
of  one  young  man  at  least,  who  then  decided  to 
study  for  the  ministry.  The  one  I  refer  to  is  now  a 
settled  minister.  A  few  letters  passed  between  Mr. 
A.  and  myself  after  this  time,  but  I  never  saw  him 
again.  His  few  days'  visit  to  us  at  Union  Seminary 
has  always  been  in  my  memory,  one  of  those  hal- 
lowed and  delightful  seasons,  which  in  after  life  we 
look  back  upon,  as,  in  more  than  a  worldly  sense, 
the  green  spots  of  the  past. 

"  I  have  not  thought  of  undertaking  to  pay  a 
tribute  to  Mr.  A.,  except  to  give  a  simple  statement 
in  regard  to  the  visit  spoken  of,  and  the  impressions 
of  him  then  made  on  my  mind.  So  far,  at  least,  as 
the  circumstances  I  have  mentioned  formed  a  part 
of  his  history,  I  thought  this  statement  might  be  of 
some  value." 

Mr.  Abeel  thus  records  his  efforts  and  success  in 
his  own  diary : — 

''May  10,  1835. — Just  returned  from  the  South. 
Have  been  far  more  favored  in  exciting  a  zeal  for 
missions,  than  I  had  reason  to  anticipate.  Blessed 
be  the  Lord,  for  his  abundant  blessing  upon  my  ex- 
ertions. I  have  been  strengthened  to  preach  often, 
and  with  some  effect.  Health  improved,  though  not 
restored.  Made  hosts  of  delightful  acquaintance. 
Still  far  from  enjoying  that  high  tone  of  spiritual 
feeling  which  I  earnestly  covet.     At  first  my  mind 


154  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

was  more  lively  than  now.  Have  been  searching 
for  the  cause  of  my  stupidity ;  too  little  meditation 
and  private  devotion,  and,  in  consequence,  too  much 
worldly-mindedness.  My  judgment  is  so  convinced 
of  the  emptiness  of  earthly  sources  of  happiness, 
that  I  look  for  scarcely  anything  of  that  name  in 
this  world,  and  yet  I  find  little  worldly  trifles  occu- 
pying and  vexing  my  mind.  '  Walk  in  the  Spirit, 
and  ye  shall  not  fulfil  the  lusts  of  the  flesh.' " 

On  his  return  from  the  South,  Mr.  Abeel  em- 
ployed his  time  in  the  same  manner,  with  a  special 
view  of  visiting  all  the  churches  of  the  denomination 
with  which  he  had  always  sustained  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal connection — the  Reformed  Dutch  Church.  He 
visited  almost  every  part  of  the  church,  preaching 
to  all  the  principal  congregations  ;  and  endeavoring 
with  unwearied  diligence,  to  produce  impressions  of 
the  importance  of  that  work  to  which  he  had  de- 
voted himself  He  thus  effected  much  for  the  cause 
he  loved,  and  for  his  Master's  glory.  Perhaps  as 
much,  if  not  more  benefit  to  the  missionary  causCf 
was  derived  from  his  efforts  in  producing  correct 
views  of  its  extent  and  obligations,  among  Christians 
and  Churches  at  home,  than  when  he  was  engaged 
in  the  foreign  field. 

During  his  journeyings  in  the  prosecution  of  this 
work,  he  complained  of  the  eflfect  of  such  constant 
changes  upon  the  tone  of  his  personal  piety.  He 
was  often  obliged  to  exert  himself  until  he  was  al- 
most entirely  exhausted,  and  he  was  thus  unfitted 
for  the  enjoyment  of  private  devotion.     This  was 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  155 

to  him  a  sore  trial,  and  he  deplored  the  necessity 
for  it. 

"  November. — To-day,  I  have  felt  the  necessity 
of  more  genuine,  self-denying  engagedness  in  the 
blessed  cause  of  the  Redeemer.  Expecting  to  leave 
America  in  the  spring,  how  ought  my  mind  to  be  ex- 
ercised, and  my  talents  employed.  I  desire  my  zeal 
for  the  Savior  and  His  work  among  the  heathen, 
to  become  so  absorbing,  so  energizing,  so  necessary 
to  my  happiness,  that  I  may  say,  partly  in  the  lan- 
guage of  my  great  Exemplar,  '  How  am  I  straitened,* 
until  Jesus  is  known  and  glorified  in  all  the  earth. " 

"  December  12,  1835. — Have  been  spending  the  / 
afternoon  of  this  precious  day  in  my  chamber. 
Nothing  so  quickly  brings  me  to  my  senses — noth- 
ing so  effectually  opens  the  eye  of  faith,  and  removes 
all  the  interposing  objects  of  earth — nothing  so  pow- 
erfully awakens  the  deepest  and  best  emotions  ctf 
my  soul,  and  enables  me,  for  the  time,  to  see  what 
and  where  I  am,  and  whither  and  how  I  ought  to 
proceed — as  retirement  and  meditation,  uninter- 
rupted by  objects  without,  or  pressing  cares  within,.  ^ 
and  continued,  ad  libitum.'* 

At  the  close  of  1835  he  was  in  New  York  attend- 
ing lectures  at  the  Medical  College,  increasing  his 
knowledge  of  the  profession  which  he  had  already 
applied  to  practice  among  the  heathen.  He  was 
also  preparing  a  course  of  sermons  on  the  subject 
of  Missions,  which,  however,  he  did  not  finish.  The 
following  are  his  reflections  at  the  close  of  1835  and 
the  commencement  of  1836. 

"  Another  vear  has  reached  its  last  hour.     The 


156  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

night  is  delightful.  The  moon  sheds  her  loveliest 
radiance  over  the  earth,  and  the  air  is  only  suffi- 
ciently cold  to  brace  the  system,  and  exhilarate  the 
spirits.  I  have  been  strolling,  meditating,  and  solilo- 
quizing. The  past  has  been  held  in  review.  Noth- 
ing but  mercy  from  the.  beginning,  through  every 
moment.  The  first  part  of  the  year  was  spent  at 
the  South,  where  I  made  many  good  friends,  and 
was  enabled  to  preach  with  profit.  Was  favored  at 
the  anniversaries,  and  have  been  aided  since,  in  my 
visitation  to  the  churches.  Last  two  months  have 
been  devoted  to  medicine.  I  find  the  very  highest 
honors  in  the  kingdom  of  my  Redeemer  have  been 
conferred  upon  me.  Not  only  a  Christian,  but  a 
Minister,  a  Missionary.  I  have  been  ungrateful  and 
forgetful,  during  the  past  year.  Oh,  how  little  I  have 
thought  of  the  infinite  obligations  under  which  Jesus 
has  laid  me.  Dear  Savior,  assist  me  to  be  more 
prayerful,  spiritual,  single  in  aim,  and  Self-denying 
in  effort,  than  ever.  Where  shall  I  be  at  the  expi- 
ration of  the  next  year  ?  Probably,  rf  spared,  in 
China." 

The  new  year  had  scarcely  commenced,  when  he 
was  seized  with  sudden  and  serious  illness,  which 
compelled  him  to  suspend  labor  for  a  time,  and  suffer 
the  will  of  God ;  which  he  did  with  all  patience. 
Writing  to  his  parents  at  New  Brunswick,  he  says : 

"  There  is  one  advantage  in  sickness,  which,  if 
gained,  must  ever  render  it  a  blessing.  It  diverts 
the  mind  from  the  many  distracting  engagements  of 
life,  and  leaves  it  more  time  for  the  higher  duties  of 
religion.     By  unfitting  you  for  other  pursuits,  it  pre- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  157 

pares  you  for  communion  with  God,  and  meditation 
upon  eternal  things.  Oh,  there  is  mercy  in  every 
trial  of  the  kind.  We  are  dying  creatures.  Every 
day  hastens  us  to  the  grave.  A  few  more  will  fill 
up  our  earthly  allotment,  and  then  comes  the  un- 
known, or  rather,  untried  future." 

The  same  sentiments  are  conveyed  in  his  diary 
at  this  time. 

'^  March  13. — My  mind  for  some  weeks  past  has^ 
been  calm,  and  at  times  cheerful,  yea,  triumphant, 
in  God  my  Savior.  I  have  been  committing  the 
Epistle  to  the  Ephesians  to  memory.  I  believe  it 
most  edifying  to  have  the  word  dwell  in  the  mem- 
ory abundantly.  You  can  reflect  upon  it  in  the! 
house,  and  by  the  way-side,  when  you  lie  down  and 
when  you  arise.  Instead  of  that  endless  succession 
of  fancies  and  recollections  which  occupy  so  much 
precious  time,  you  can  form  the  habit  of  repeating 
portions  of  the  sacred  volume,  until  the  letter  be- 
comes familiar  to  the  mind,  and  its  spirit  imbues  the 
soul — until  '  the  word  of  Christ  dwells  in  us  richly.' J 
My  health  continues  feeble,  but  God's  mercies 
abound.  It  is  good  for  me  to  be  afflicted.  The 
rapidity  of  time— the  vast  work  to  be  accomplished 
in  life — and  the  glorious  heaven  in  prospect,  are 
sufficient  to  banish  worldly-mindedness,  despond- 
ency and  indolence,  from  every  Christian  heart. 

"  March  28. — My  prospects  are  uncertain.  In  all 
probabiHty,  my  disease  will  yield  to  returning  health. 
I  expect  now,  to  remain  longer  in  America  than  I 
at  first  anticipated.  It  is  not  credible  that  I  can  be 
sufficiently   restored  during  the  short  interval,  to 


158  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

venture  back  into  a  tropical  region.  Whether  this 
is  designed  by  the  Lord  to  indulge  me  in  my  love  of 
ease  and  worldly  comfort,  or  to  direct  me  to  a 
sphere  of  labor  where  I  can  do  more  for  his  cause 
than  by  personal  effort  among  the  heathen,  I  cannot 
determine.  I  sometimes  fear  that  I  am  receiving 
according  to  the  selfish  and  unholy  desires  of  my 
own  heart.  If  I  remain,  it  is  thought  that  I  ought 
.to  travel.  I  hesitate  to  know  whether  this  is  right. 
It  appears  so  much  like  self-indulgence.  The  phy- 
sicians advise  it,  but  I  am  not  sure  that  it  is  neces- 
sary. What  makes  me  anxious  to  know  whether  it 
is  my  duty  or  not,  is  the  consideration,  that  I  might 
be  of  service  to  the  missionary  cause  by  visiting  the 
seminaries  and  colleges,  and  cities  and  villages  ;  and 
spending  the  summer  in  advocating  the  claims  of 
the  heathen,  and  impressing  the  duty  of  Christians. 
God  has  graciously  blessed  my  efforts  in  this  behalf, 
and  1  believe  he  would  bless  them  still  more.  My 
kind  indulgent  Father,  lead  me  not  to  my  own  cor- 
rupt judgment,  but  guide  me  in  thy  way." 

He  was  confined  by  his  sickness  to  the  city  of 
New  York  until  June,  when  he  travelled  to  the  Sul- 
phur Springs  of  Virginia,  for  the  purpose  of  trying 
the  effects  of  the  water  on  his  system.  While  there, 
he  pursued  a  course  of  religious  instruction  for  those 
who,  like  himself,  were  brought  together  to  that 
place,  for  the  restoration  of  their  declining  health. 
The  prayer-meeting,  the  Bible-class,  and  personal 
conversation,  w^ere  the  only  means  which  he  was 
able,  in  his  weak  state,  to  employ  for  the  salvation 
of  souls,  and  their  growth  in  grace.     Thus,  wher- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  159 

ever  he  w^as  placed  in  the  dealings  of  Providence, 
he  used  all  his  energies  and  strength  in  the  service 
of  God.  When  he  could  not  preach  the  Gospel 
from  the  pulpit,  he  delighted  to  preach  from  house 
to  house ;  and  when  too  weak  to  move,  it  was  his 
chief  pleasure  to  instruct  all  who  would  come  to 
him.  Nor  did  he  ever  deny  any,  as  long  as  he 
was  able  to  speak  of  the  goodness  and  mercy  of 
God.  He  literally  spent  himself  in  the  work  of  his 
Master. 

He  returned  from  Virginia  in  September,  and 
sought  repose  and  quiet  under  the  paternal  roof. 
He  now  expected  to  sail  for  China  in  the  course  of 
a  few  weeks,  and  commenced  the  preparations  for 
his  departure.  Yet  he  was  full  of  fear  lest  he  should 
do  aught  contrary  to  the  voice  of  duty,  and  of  God's 
providence : — "  I  have  thought  seriously  of  return- 
ing to  China  this  autumn,"  he  writes.  "  If  it  be  for 
the  best,  Lord  Jesus  favor  the  plan ;  if  not,  let  it  be 
defeated. 

*'  I  desire  to  have  the  way  made  plain  before  my 
face.  I  pray  that  no  reluctance  to  separation  from 
friends,  and  entering  upon  trials  and  toils  may  be 
felt.  I  want  my  Savior's  glory  to  be  essential  to 
my  very  existence.  I  covet  above  all  the  honors 
and  wealth  of  the  earth,  a  burning  love  to  the  Re- 
deemer ;  and  a  panting  desire  to  have  him  '  See  of 
the  travail  of  his  soul  and  be  satisfied.'  The  ques- 
tions of  greatest  interest  in  reference  to  my  future 
mission  are, — when,  where,  and  how  to  go.  My 
gracious  Father,  sympathizing  Savior,  and  blessed 
Comforter,  help  me  to  repose  confidence  in   thee, 


160  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

and  keep  me  from  trusting  to  my  own  understand- 
ing." 

With  such  a  confiding  and  inquiring  spirit  as  this, 
the  disciple  was  ready  to  pursue  any  course,  which 
Providence  might  indicate,  resigning  all  to  the  hand 
of  Him  who  doeth  all  things  well. 


fei 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

We  have  now  arrived  at  a  period  in  the  life  of 
Mr.  Abeel,  which  was  fraught  with  events  that  tried 
fully  the  nature  and  extent  of  his  confidence  in  God. 
It  cannot  be  distinguished  as  a  period  of  labor ;  for 
his  physical  powers  were  so  much  exhausted  as  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  great  exertion.  And  yet 
it  is  astonishing  to  see  how  much  he  effected  in  his 
feeble  and  diseased  state.  He  received  at  this  time 
some  of  the  most  severe  lessons  of  affliction  that 
he  ever  experienced — lessons  that  were  effectual, 
through  Divine  influence,  in  cultivating  and  strength- 
ening the  passive  graces  of  his  soul. 

The  Christian  character  is  never  fully  developed, 
unless  there  has  been  a  free  exercise  of  the  spirit  in 
endurance  and  submission,  as  well  as  in  action  and 
labor.  It  is  easier  to  do  than  to  suffer  with  resig- 
nation. The  latter  tries  the  depth  of  the  Christian's 
character  and  spirituality,  more  fully  than  the  for- 
mer. If  that  character  is  but  feeble  and  imperfect, 
its  deficiencies  soon  discover  themselves  in  the  hour 
of  trial,  and  the  training  then  received  will  lead  to 
the  source  of  all  grace  that  these  deficiencies  may 
be  supplied. 

When  the  child  of  God  has  undergone  this  severe 


162  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

process,  he  can  say  from  his  own  experience  of  its 
spiritual  advantage,  "  When  thou  hast  tried  me,  I 
shall  come  forth  as  gold." 

The  character  of  David  Abeel  received  much  of 
its  peculiar  formation  and  symmetry,  from  the  na- 
ture and  extent  of  his  afflictions.  The  events  which 
occurred  at  this  period  of  his  life,  he  considered  to 
be  the  most  severe  of  all  the  trials  he  ever  experi- 
enced. 

He  was  engaged  in  his  preparations  for  sailing  to 
China,  in  the  middle  of  October  of  this  year  (1836), 
and  all  his  plans  had  been  formed  with  reference  to 
that  event.  The  circumstances  which  prevented 
him  from  accompHshing  his  resolution,  are  recorded 
in  his  diary. 

*'  November  10. — Since  I  last  wrote,  I  have  passed 
through  one  of  the  most  profitable  periods  of  my  life. 
I  returned  to  New  York,  to  make  preparations  for 
my  embarkation  to  China.  The  ship  was  expected 
to  sail  in  ten  or  twelve  days  from  that  time.  The 
very  day  of  my  arrival,  while  I  was  making  a  call 

in  Place,  I  was  seized    so  suddenly  with 

alarming  symptoms  of  illness,  that  I  was  unable  to 
proceed  farther ;  and,  in  the  course  of  a  week,  I  was 
brought  very  near  to  the  gates  of  death.  I  was  per- 
fectly aware  of  my  situation.  At  first,  when  I  felt 
that  death  was  probable,  there  was  a  slight  agita- 
tion. Still,  blessed  be  God  there  was  no  oppressive 
fear  of  dying.  My  mind  soon  became  placid  ;  and 
such  was  my  confidence  in  the  perfection  of  Divine 
wisdom  and  goodness,  that  I  would  not  have  altered 
the  least  purpose  of  the  infinite  mind,  for  the  uni- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  163 

verse.  The  word  was  precious ;  the  great  truths ) 
of  redemption  unspeakably  supporting.  Before  I 
became  too  much  enfeebled,  I  read  v/ith  delight, 
*  Owen  on  the  glory  of  Christ,' — the  very  book  (of 
human  composition,  or  rather  compilation,)  for  a 
dying  man.  While  'lying  on  my  back  and  looking 
upwards,'  God  my  Father  revealed  himself  to  me  as 
'  Love.'  I  had  read  and  preached  that '  God  is  love' 
before,  but  I  never  saw  or  felt  this  glorious  truth  as 
then.  Heaven  appeared  to  me  to  be  made  up  of 
beings  who  possessed  but  one  attribute — love.  Six 
weeks  have  elapsed  since  I  was  attacked.  I  am 
much  better,  but  not  recovered.  The  ship  sailed 
four  weeks  ago ;  and  here  am  I,  waiting,  and  inquir- 
ing, '  Lord,  what  wilt  thou  have  me  to  do  ?'  Oh,  to 
retain  every  sanctifying  impression  of  my  past  indis- 
position. I  thought  if  I  did  recover,  that  I  would 
endeavor  to  spend  eve?y  day  with  reference  to 
dying,  and  thus  avoid  being  surprised  or  in  the 
least  agitated  at  the  summons,  whenever,  and  wher- 
ever, it  may  come.  Father,  without  the  unremitted 
influences  of  thy  Spirit,  I  cannot  live  as  I  ought : — 
Oh,  bless  me  every  day  and  hour." 

As  soon  as  he  had  sufficiently  recovered,  he  was 
advised  to  sail  to  the  West  Indies.  He  saw  the  ne- 
cessity of  this  course,  and  complied  with  cheerful- 
ness. Though  this  involved  a  relinquishment  of  his 
cherished  wish,  yet  he  evinced  in  the  whole  matter 
a  childlike  resignation  to  the  will  of  God.  He 
writes  : — 

"  December  4. — The  physicians  have  recommend- 
ed a  winter  in  the  West  Indies.    My  health  remains 


164  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

SO  precarious,  that  I  have  been  obliged  to  abandon 
the  idea  of  soon  returning  to  my  Eastern  home.  I 
have  nothing  to  say.  Sometimes  I  fear  it  is  more 
indifference  than  resignation,  and  yet  reason  con- 
vinces me  that  my  energies  are  all  paralyzed  by  dis- 
ease. 

"  My  future  course  is  enveloped  in  darkness.  I 
thank  my  covenant  God,  that  I  feel  no  apprehen- 
sions in  regard  to  it.  I  hope  to  be  *  led  in  the  right 
way,'  (however  circuitous,)  '  to  a  city  of  habitation.* 
I  wish  to  lean  from  hour  to  hour  upon  an  Omnip 
otent  arm,  while  I  look  for  guidance  to  infinite 
wisdom." 

His  heart  yearned  as  tenderly  as  ever  over  the 
perishing  heathen  ;  and  though  absent  from  them, 
yet  he  performed  for  them  all  the  services  that  his 
health  and  position  permitted.  His  anxiety  on  their 
behalf  may  be  seen  in  the  following  reflections  : — 

"  December  5. — Monthly  concert  evening.  To- 
night the  most  devoted  of  God's  people  meet  to 
pray  for  the  unevangelized  world.  I  retire  to  my 
apartment  for  the  same  delightful  purpose.  Though 
prevented  from  being  with  the  assembled  multitude, 
•  in  the  same  place,'  I  trust  we  are  '  all  with  one 
accord.'  This  is  far  more  important.  I  feel  the 
necessity  of  besieging  the  throne  of  grace,  and  giv- 
ing God  no  rest,  until  *  He  make  Jerusalem  a  praise 
in  the  whole  earth.'  Oh,  the  deplorable  condition 
of  the  nations.  My  heart  sickens  at  this  thought. 
What  glory  will  accrue  to  the  Triune  God,  when 
the  kingdoms  of  this  world  shall  become  the  king- 
doms of  the  Lord,  and  of  His  Christ.     How  will 


MEiMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  165 

this  event  thrill  the  heart  of  the  blessed  Redeemer. 
He  is  even  now  expecting  it,  and  never  shall  He 
see  the  full  travail  of  His  soul,  and  be  satisfied,  un- 
til it  is  accomplished.  Wake  up,  then,  my  drowsy 
spirit.  Lord  Jesus,  waken  thy  slumbering  church. 
What  motive  can  energize  my  soul  if  this  cannot  ? 
I  desire  to  live  and  die  for  no  other  object,  than  to 
glorify  the  Redeemer ;  especially  in  laboring  for  the 
salvation  of  those,  who  thus  far,  have  never  heard 
of  him.  Dear  Savior,  help  thy  assembled  people — 
help  thy  solitary  servant  to  pray  this  night,  and 
henceforth,  as  we  have  never  prayed  before/* 

He  sailed  in  December  for  the  West  Indies,  where 
he  remained  until  the  month  of  May,  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  During  this  time,  he  was  incapacitated 
for  public  labor,  yet  he  was  diligent  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  his  own  heart.  His  communion  and  fellow- 
ship with  the  Father,  and  His  Son  Jesus  Christ,  ap- 
pear to  have  been  more  exalted  and  uninterrupted, 
than  ever  before. 

A  new  and  severe  trial  now  awaited  him.  While 
at  St.  Thomas,  he  was  examined  by  an  eminent 
physician ;  and  it  was  ascertained  for  the  first  time, 
that  the  most  of  his  difficulties  and  sufferings  could 
be  traced  to  an  organic  disease  of  the  heart — an 
enlargement  which  interfered  with  the  action  of  the 
lungs,  and  might  prove  fatal  at  any  moment.  This 
discovery  was  new,  and  entirely  unexpected,  by  him, 
and  it  produced  a  severe  shock  upon  his  mind.  He 
could  not  at  first  realize  the  fact  that  his  situation 
was  so  dangerous.     He  writes, — 


166  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  April  2. — To-day  has  been  a  season  of  uncom- 
mon spiritual  conflict.  Yesterday  it  was  ascertained 
by  examination,  that  my  heart  and  the  contiguous 
parts  are  in  a  very  critical  condition.  This  brings 
death  and  the  eternal  world  very  near ;  and  the 
want  of  strong  faith,  and  lively  hope,  and  an  earn- 
est desire  to  depart  and  be  with  Christ,  have  filled 
me  with  sadness.  Oh,  how  strange,  that  I  am  not 
yet  prepared  to  hail  every  evidence  of  approaching 
dissolution  with  rapture." 

In  a  short  time  he  was  reconciled  to  his  situation, 
as  he  became  more  familiar  with  the  thought ;  and 
his  religious  feelings  resumed  their  usual  composure. 

Returning  to  New  York,  Mr.  Abeel  reached  the 
paternal  roof  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  on  the  8th 
of  June.  He  arrived  at  the  time  when  the  great 
revival  of  religion  was  in  progress  in  that  place :  a 
revival,  which  was  as  remarkable  for  exhibitions  of 
the  power  of  divine  grace,  as  any  that  ever  occur- 
red in  the  United  States.  It  may  be  imagined  that 
to  him  it  was  a  season  of  the  greatest  spiritual  en- 
joyment.    He  remarks  in  his  diary — 

"  As  I  approached  New  Brunswick,  I  heard  the 
church  bell  tolling  ;  and,  upon  inquiry,  ascertained 
that  there  was  a  revival  of  religion  in  the  place,  and 
public  worship  in  all  the  churches,  every  evening. 
One  week  has  passed  since  I  arrived  ;  and  it  has  been 
perhaps  the  most  exciting  week  I  have  spent  in  this 
place,  since  my  own  conversion.  God  is  here  with 
mighty  power ;  and  there  is  reason  to  hope  that 
some  two  or  three  hundred  have  already  been  res- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  167 

cued  from  the  second  death.  Blessed  be  His  name, 
I  am  enabled  to  lend  a  little  aid  in  the  work." 

In  the  fall  of  this  year,  (1837,)  he  was  again  at- 
tacked by  sickness,  which  prostrated  his  already 
feeble  energies ;  and  when  he  had  sufficiently  recov- 
ered, he  was  obliged  once  more  to  journey  to  the 
South.  Yet,  in  all  his  illness,  he  was  never  so  much 
discouraged  as  to  abandon  the  hope  of  future  use- 
fulness in  his  Master's  service  in  foreign  lands.  His 
trials  led  him  to  compare  his  own  position  with  that 
of  the  Apostle  Paul,  when  his  plans  were  frustrated 
by  the  providence  of  God — "  Thrice  he  suffered  ship- 
wreck ;  which,  together  with  the  time  when  he  was 
cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Malta,  make  four  events 
of  that  kind,  while  fulfilling  his  high  commission : — 
how  many  would  have  concluded  that  God  disap- 
proved his  course,  and  hence  these  frequent  re- 
bukes and  obstacles."  With  such  thoughts  did  he 
comfort  his  soul,  and  strengthen  his  faith,  in  this 
season  of  darkness  and  doubt. 

At  the  time  when  Mr.  Abeel's  prospects  of  visit- 
ing China  seemed  to  be  almost  destroyed  by  provi- 
dential interferences,  he  met  that  eminent  servant 
of  God,  the  late  Dr.  Griffin.  They  were  conversing 
in  reference  to  the  spiritual  condition  of  Eastern 
Asia  ;  and  the  missionary  expressed  a  fear  which  he 
could  not  always  resist,  and  which  was  entertained 
by  many  of  his  friends — that  he  would  never  again 
be  permitted  to  reach  his  longed-for  field  of  labor. 
Dr.  Griffin  answered  him  as  with  the  ken  of  a  pro- 
phet— "  My  son,  your  work  is  not  yet  done  in  China 
— the  Lord  has  yet  much  for  you  to  accomplish  in 


168  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

that  place  for  his  glory."  This  remark  was  treas- 
ured up ;  and  in  the  end  it  almost  appeared  as  if 
that  aged  saint  had  seen  the  future,  for  his  declara- 
tion was  fully  verified  in  the  workings  of  God's 
providence. 

At  the  close  of  1836,  Mr.  Abeel  was  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.  He  thus  mentions  the  events  which  had  oc- 
curred during  the  year. 

*'  Another  hour,  and  the  year  will  close — what 
have  I  accomplished  since  its  commencement  ? 
Have  been  unwell  much  of  the  time ;  suffering,  I 
trust,  the  will  of  God.  Until  June  absent  from 
the  country — two  months  or  more  at  home — after- 
wards travelling,  and  at  times  able  to  preach  ; — then 
sick  again,  and  now  improving,  with  the  prospect 
of  usefulness.  I  scarcely  know  what  to  conclude  on 
the  retrospect — I  thank  God  I  am  '  still  pursuing,' 
*  not  weary  in  well  doing,' — *  holding  on  my  way.'  I 
trust  too,  there  has  been  some  progress  in  spiritual 
attainments." 

During  this  winter,  his  strength  so  far  increased, 
that  he  was  enabled  to  labor  with  considerable  suc- 
cess at  the  South.  When  he  returned  from  the 
Southern  states,  (in  the  first ,  part  of  April,)  he  ex- 
pected soon  to  sail  for  China :  but  he  was  again 
disappointed,  on  account  of  the  feeble  state  of  his 
health — yet  he  bore  this  renewed  disappointment 
with  patience  and  humble  submission  to  the  will  of 
God. 

This  summer  was  spent  chiefly  at  the  different 
theological  seminaries,  seeking  to  produce  in  the 
minds  of  those  wh^  were  preparing  for  the  ministry, 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  169 

correct  views  of  their  obligations  to  the  heathen. 
Thus  he  aimed  to  increase  the  number  of  devoted 
missionaries,  who  might  fill  the  station  which  he  was 
unable  to  occupy.  He  visited  the  theological  semi- 
naries at  Andover,  Princeton,  New  Brunswick,  and 
other  places.  Nor  were  his  labors  in  vain  ;  for  the 
conscientious  could  not  but  be  impressed  with  his 
earnestness,  and  affected  by  the  power  of  his  argu- 
ments, and  his  touching  descriptions  of  the  wants 
of  the  world  that  lieth  in  wickedness.  Many  were 
raised  up  through  his  instrumentality  as  missionaries 
of  the  cross,  who  are  at  present  in  foreign  lands, 
preaching  the  Gospel  to  the  degraded  heathen.. 

But  the  time  had  now  arrived,  when  the  dearest 
wish  of  his  heart  was  to  be  realized.  After  earnest 
solicitations,  his  physicians  consented  that  he  should 
return  to  China,  although  they  warned  him  that  it 
was  an  experiment  which  his  strength  might  or  might 
not  endure.  He  was  willing  to  try  the  experiment, 
and  leave  the  result  in  the  hands  of  God.  Accord- 
ingly on  the  17th  day  of  October,  he  sailed  with  a 
band  of  fellow-missionaries  for  Canton,  embracing 
besides  himself,  Messrs.  Brown  and  Keasberry  and 
their  wives.  The  farewell  services  were  held  in  the 
Middle  Dutch  Church,  New  York. 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  the  journal 
of  this  voyage,  which  w^as  rendered  exceedingly 
pleasant  by  the  numerous  employments  and  amuse- 
ments that  were  afforded  them  ;  and  above  all,  by 
Christian  sympathy  and  communion. 

"  October  17,  1838. — The  scene  of  parting  is 
over.     My  feelings  I  will  not  attempt  to  describe. 


170  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

The  tears,  and  prayers,  and  farewell  benedictions,  I 
can  never  forget.  Oh,  shall  we  all  meet  again  where 
this  intense  agony  can  never  be  repeated  ? 

"  Sabbath,  November  4. — A  day  of  peculiar  pleas- 
antness has  been  succeeded  by  an  evening  to  be 
enjoyed  only  at  sea.  The  moon,  which  is  about 
two  days  in  the  wane,  arose  behind  a  bank  of  dark, 
broken  clouds,  piercing  their  crevices — varying  their 
shades- — illuminating  their  edges — and  shooting  her 
brightest  beams  up  the  arch  of  the  heavens — while, 
for  some  time,  her  disk  was  entirely  concealed. 
What  rays  of  Sabbath  softness  she  threw  over  the 
surface  of  the  dark-blue  waters  ;  and  what  myriads 
of  little  waves,  as  if  instinct  with  life,  arose  to  catch 
her  light  and  sport  in  its  brightness.  What  a  scene 
for  reflection  and  prayer !  Besides  our  Sabbath 
morning  services,  and  the  usual  evening  worship, 
we  succeeded  to-day  in  organizing  a  Bible-class ; 
which  we  divided  into  three  parts,  that  we  might 
make  the  instructions  more  familiar  and  personal. 
We  were  all  much  gratified  with  the  commence- 
ment of  our  engagements.  May  the  Lord  render 
the  study  of  His  own  word  effectual  to  the  conver- 
sion of  all.  What  a  day  of  holy  sympathy  this  has 
been.  The  feelings  which  swell  our  hearts,  and  the 
prayers  which  express  them,  for  those  beloved  ob- 
jects whom  we  have  left,  will  not  be  known  till  we 
meet  in  a  better  world : — 

'  Though  sundered  far,  by  faith  we  meet 
Around  one  common  mercy  seat ' 

"Monday,  December  3. — Our  Sabbaths  return  in 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  171 

great  haste,  and  afford  us  seasons  of  much  enjoy- 
ment. They  are  days  of  holy  sympathy  with  all 
our  beloved  Christian  friends,  and  with  the  Church 
universal.  Yesterday  Mr.  Brown  preached.  His 
sermons  are  calculated  to  be  very  useful.  We  di- 
vide all  the  religious  services  of  the  Sabbath,  and  the 
week.  He  and  his  wife  are  amiable,  intelligent,  and 
pious.  They  will  no  doubt  make  very  valuable  mis- 
sionaries. If  I  had  been  privileged  with  a  selection 
among  all  the  detained  missionaries,  I  do  not  think 
I  could  have  chosen  more  agreeable  companions. 
Probably  no  missionary  band  has  ever  left  their  na- 
tive country,  who  were  favored  with  more  numerous 
sources  of  occupation  and  enjoyment,  than  have 
fallen  to  our  lot.  One  of  the  principal  ones  is  sacred 
music.  Mr.  Brown  is  our  leader.  He  sings  admi- 
rably, and  plays  on  several  instruments.  The  ser- 
aphin,  base  viol,  flute,  and  violin  are  all  put  in  re- 
quisition, though  not  all  at  one  time.  Mrs.  Brown, 
Keasberry,  and  last  and  least,  myself,  all  assist.  We 
have  a  variety  of  books  with  us,  and  have  selected 
from  them  a  number  of  exquisite  pieces  of  music.  I 
wish  our  friends  at  home  could  listen  to  us,  when  in 
full  tune.  But  if  faithful  unto  death,  we  shall  all 
soon  meet  again ;  and  join  in  that  sweetest  of  all 
songs,  whose  strains  shall  be  prolonged  through  the 
unwasting  ages  of  our  blissful  being.  '  Unto  Him 
that  loved  us  and  washed  us  from  our  sins  in  His  ovm 
blood.' 

^^  Monday  evening,  December  24. — This  night 
commemorates  the  time  of  the  Redeemer's  advent 
to  this  world.    'God  so  loved  the  world  that  he  gave 


172  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

His  only  begotten  Son' — a  truth  which  finite  intelli- 
gences can  never  appreciate,  because  they  can  never 
comprehend  it.  There  is  something  in  the  love  of 
God  the  Father,  which  the  experience  of  many 
Christians  never  embraces.  They  clothe  Him  with 
terror,  and  arm  Him  with  vengeance ;  and  place 
Him  in  the  attitude  of  opposition  to  the  merciful 
designs  of  the  Savior,  as  if  it  demanded  all  the  ad- 
vocacy of  the  Mediator,  to  preserve  the  saints  in 
the  favor  of  the  Father.  Many  scarcely  dare  ad- 
dress the  first  Person  of  the  adorable  Trinity,  as  if 
He  were  so  difficult  to  propitiate,  that  it  required 
the  constant  intercession  of  His  Son  for  years  after 
their  conversion,  to  render  his  people  acceptable  to 
Him.  Oh,  how  dishonorable,  how  unjust,  thus  to 
regard  the  very  Being  who  originated  the  scheme 
of  redemption :  who,  '  according  as  He  chose  us  be- 
fore the  foundation  of  the  world,'  sent  His  Son  in 
the  fulness  of  time,  to  redeem  us,  that  He  might 
adopt  us  as  '  children  by  Jesus  Christ  to  Himself, 
according  to  the  good  pleasure  of  His  will' — from 
whom  Cometh  down  every  good  and  perfect  gift.  It 
is  most  animating  to  regard  all  the  persons  of  the 
Trinity  as  our  covenant  God,  perfectly  harmonious 
and  co-operative  in  the  salvation  of  dying  souls. 
To  my  own  mind,  the  character  and  love  of  God 
the  Father,  has  long  been  a  subject  of  unspeakable 
satisfaction  and  delight.  Its  glory  dims  all  created 
lustre,  and  fills  the  soul  with  a  mixture  of  wonder 
and  transport  which  arises  to  'joy  unspeakable.' 
The  greatest  exhibition  and  fruit  of  God's  infinite 
love,  we  are  called  on  to  remember  this  evening. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  l^ 

*  Herein  is  love,'  to  deliver  up  freely,  such  a  Son, — 
so  beloved — so  exalted — to  such  a  life  and  death  ! 

'  Oh,  love  beyond  conception  great, 

That  formed  the  vast  stupendous  plan 
Where  all  divine  perfections  meet, 
To  reconcile  rebellious  man.' 

''January  7,  1839. — First  Monday  in  January. 
— Though  almost  twelve  hours  in  advance  of  our 
friends,  we  have  observed  this  day  by  prayer  and 
fasting ;  that  we  might  unite  with  them  as  nearly  as 
possible,  in  pleading  the  promises  of  God  on  behalf 
of  this  rebellious  world.  Oh,  that  the  people  of  God 
may  enjoy  a  double  portion  of  the  spirit  of  grace 
and  supplication,  while  they  cast  themselves  before 
His  throne,  and  cry  mightily  for  the  salvation  of 
their  ruined  race.  Such  seasons  are  to  the  mis- 
sionary the  brightest  periods  of  time — the  rays  which 
infallibly  proclaim  the  approach  of  a  glorious  day — 
nay,  the  earnests  of  all  that  he  desires,  and  labors 
to  realize  upon  earth.  God  has  set  the  seal  of  His 
approbation  upon  this  day.  In  one  or  two  instances, 
He  has  connected  with  it,  the  application  and  fulfil- 
ment of  that  most  remarkable  promise, '  And  it  shall 
come  to  pass  that  before  they  call  I  will  answer ; 
and  while  they  are  yet  speaking,  I  will  hear.'  The 
confidence  of  '  them  that  are  afar  off  upon  the  sea,' 
has  been  with  our  little  band  to-day ;  refreshing  our 
own  souls,  and  making  intercession  for  (within)  us, 
on  behalf  of  the  whole  world.  We  are  the  weeping 
sowers  in  this  great  Eastern  field.  A  work  we  see 
before  us,  which  demands  all  our  faith,  and  shall 


174  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

continue  to  tax  all  our  patience.  The  dragon 
sways  his  iron  sceptre  over  these  myriads  of  dark 
minds,  and  not  a  subject  will  he  lose  without  the 
most  vigorous  resistance.  But  he  cannot  retard  the 
wheels  of  time,  nor  defer  the  purposes  of  Jehovah. 
Though  we  may  be  at  times  oppressed  to  weeping, 
joy  shall  shine  through  our  tears.  '  Our  labor  is  not 
in  vain.'  The  harvest  shall  come,  and  they  that  sow 
and  they  that  reap  shall  rejoice  together.  Heaven 
and  earth  shall  unite  in  this  joy.  *  Sing  ye  heavens, 
for  the  Lord  hath  done  it :  shout  ye  lower  parts  of 
the  earth,  break  forth  into  singing  ye  mountains,  Oh 
forest  and  every  tree  therein,  for  the  Lord  hath  re- 
deemed Jacob  and  glorified  Himself  in  Israel.'  '  Re- 
joice over  her  (antichrist)  thou  heaven,  and  ye  holy 
apostles  and  prophets,  for  God  hath  avenged  you 
on  her.' 

"  The  Church's  afflicted  state  has  been  continued 
with  scarcely  any  intermission  to  the  present  time. 
Soon  the  Lord  shall  be  her  everlasting  light,  and  the 
days  of  her  mourning  shall  be  ended." 


COPY  OF  THE  HYMN  SUNG    AT    THE    FAREWELL    MEETING  OF  THE 
MISSIONARY  ABEEL,  COMPOSED  BY  G.  W.  BETHUNE,  D.D. 

Farewell  brother !  tongues  that  falter, 
Hearts  whose  love  no  tongue  can  tell, 

Christians  weeping  round  God's  altar — 
Bless  thee,  as  we  bid  farewell. 

Loving  brother,  tears  are  starting 

From  thine  own  responsive  eye  : 
Bless  us  in  our  holy  parting, 

While  we  yet  may  see  thee  nigh. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  175 

Once  thou  didst  go  from  us  weeping, 

Precious  seed  afar  to  bear ; 
Soon  thy  sheaves  of  mercy  reaping, 

We  thy  distant  joy  would  share. 

Then  we  met  thee  home  returning  : 

A  stricken  man,  and  worn,  and  weak  j 
Fever  in  thy  bosom  burning, 

Faint  thy  brow,  and  wan  thy  cheek. 

Yet  thine  eye  with  ardor  glistened, 

As  thou  badst  us  all  draw  near  ; 
And  to  thy  low  words  we  listened, 

Melting  tales  of  woe  to  hear. 

Dearest  brother,  thou  hast  taught  us 

By  thy  glowing  hps  and  page, 
Zeal,  like  His  whose  Ufe-blood  bought  us, 

Heathen  sorrow  to  assuage. 

Now  again,  thy  spirit  yearneth 

O'er  the  pagan's  fearful  doom ; 
And  from  home  and  kindred  turneth, 

To  the  lands  of  sin  and  gloom. 

Go  then,  brother ;  God  is  calling. 

And  thou  know' at  His  welcome  voice ; 
Go,  though  fast  our  tears  are  falling, 

Yet  in  sorrow  we  rejoice. 

Go,  though  we  no  more  behold  thee, 

Till  we  meet  in  heaven  above  ; 
God's  own  promise  shall  enfold  thee 

Safely  in  eternal  love.  ^ 

Go,  for  our  weak  hearts  are  growing 

Closer  to  thee  as  we  cUng  ; 
Go,  for  bosoms  overflowing, 

Choke  our  accents  as  we  sing. 


176  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

COPY  OF  VERSES  SENT  TO  THE  PARENTS  OF  MR.  ABEEL    SHORTLY 
AFTER  HIS  DEPARTURE  TO  CHINA. 

Art  thou  going  again  to  the  land  where  thy  Lord, 

Thy  Redeemer,  thy  friend  is  unknown,  unadored  1 

Where  the  heathen  bow  down  to  the  gods  they  have  made, 

And  revile  Him  on  whom  their  transgressions  were  laid  1 

Thou  hast  taught,  thou  hast  prayed  in  their  midst,  thou  hast  tried 

To  remove  their  delusion,  enUghten,  and  guide 

Their  dark  minds  to  Jesus — the  strength  and  the  shield 

Of  thy  poor  feeble  frame  in  that  far  foreign  field. 

Say,  art  thou  not  awed  by  the  fearful  array 

Of  diseases  and  dangers  that  hedged  up  thy  way — 

That  darkened  thy  prospects,  induced  thee  to  fear 

Thy  work  was  accomplished — thy  end  drawing  near  1 

Or  say,  doth  thy  Healer  encourage  thy  heart — 

Doth  He  promise  assistance  with  grace  to  impart — 

Doth  He  say  that  to  Him  all  these  kingdoms  belong, 

And  the  heathen's  salvation  shall  yet  be  thy  song  1 

That,  redeemed  from  idolatry;  many  shall  sit 

The  willing,  the  waiting,  with  thee  at  His  feet, 

And  count  it  all  glory,  to  labor  and  pray 

That  the  kingdom  of  Christ  may  have  absolute  sway  1 

Then  go  in  His  strength,  in  the  mighty  array 

Of  His  word,  and  His  Spirit :  and  Christians  will  pray 

That  the  winds  and  the  waves,  while  thy  home  is  the  deep, 

May  the  vessel,  thyself,  and  thy  friends  safely  keep. 

They  are  servants  at  will  to  thy  God  and  thy  guide, 

To  the  God  who  thus  far  all  thy  need  has  supplied  : 

Who  hath  helped  thee  to  sacrifice  much,  and  whose  grace 

Is  as  ample  as  when  he  first  said  "  Seek  my  face" — 

With  thy  wants  and  thy  weaknesses  Jesus  will  bear, 

What  thou  leavest  and  lovest,  He'll  take  in  his  care, 

E'en  thy  father  and  mother,  in  life's  wintry  day. 

Shall  find  in  His  covenant,  their  strength  and  their  stay. 

Then  go  in  His  name,  in  His  panoply  clad. 

And  win  for  thy  Master  fresh  jewels,  to  add 

To  His  crown  of  rejoicing — Bright  jewels  to  shine 

In  the  kingdom  of  glory — His  own  home  and  thine. 


CHAPTER   IX. 

After  a  pleasant  voyage,  made  under  every 
favorable  circumstance,  the  Missionary  Company 
reached  Canton  on  the  20th  day  of  February,  1839. 
Mr.  Abeel  had  been  absent  from  Canton  for  eight 
years.  Many  great  changes  had  occurred  during 
that  time.  His  friend  and  former  co-worker,  Dr. 
Morrison,  the  father  of  China  missions,  had  been 
taken  to  his  last  resting  place.  "  I  went  on  shore  at 
Macao,"  he  writes,  "  on  Friday,  and  remained  until 
the  next  afternoon.  The  change  to  me  was  strik- 
ing. Dr.  Morrison  lies  slumbering  in  his  last  dor- 
mitory, '  where  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling  and 
the  weary  are  at  rest.'  I  shall  never  again  be 
welcomed  to  his  hospitable  home  upon  earth ;  but, 
through  grace,  I  trust  he  wall  be  one  to  welcome  me 
to  the  mansions  of  our  common  Father,  whence  *  we 
shall  go  no  more  out.'  But  though  he  has  been 
taken  to  a  better  world,  others  have  taken  his  place 
in  this.  Five  missionaries  of  different  denomina- 
tions are  now  residing  at  Macao.  Our  reception  at 
Canton  was  most  gratifying." 

Among  the  many  delightful  evidences  of  the  in- 
creasing influence  and  usefulness  of  the  missionary 
work  in  this  field,  none  affected  him  more  favorably 
8* 


178  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

than  the  operations  of  the  hospital,  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Parker.  "  Since  my  arrival,  I  have  been  in 
the  daily  habit  of  visiting  the  hospital  under  Dr. 
Parker,  and  spending  an  hour  in  that  interesting  in- 
stitution. I  am  surprised  at  the  crow^ds  of  patients 
who  visit  it.  Persons  of  all  classes  of  society,  even 
the  highest  officers  in  this  part  of  the  country,  have 
sought  and  obtained  medical  and  surgical  aid  from 
the  missionary.  Its  influence  must  be  very  salutary, 
as  it  is  certainly  very  extensive.  It  affords  an  op- 
portunity, too,  for  private  conversation  on  the  truths 
of  Christianity.  If  those  w^ho  have  questioned  the 
propriety  of  medical  practice  among  the  heathen 
were  to  pass  a  day  in  this  hospital,  they  would  be 
impressed  with  the  mercy  of  God  in  opening  so 
wide  a  door  of  usefulness  to  this  guarded  empire." 

Mr.  Abeel  immediately  recommenced  the  study 
of  the  language,  and  was  enabled  to  enter  upon  all 
the  duties  of  missionary  life  with  energy,  as  the  voy- 
age had  produced  the  usual  effect  of  strengthening 
his  system,  and  increasing  his  bodily  vigor.  Al- 
though the  band  of  missionaries  had  increased,  and 
many  important  and  beneficial  changes  had  taken 
place  since  his  fprmer  residence  in  China,  yet  he 
found  the  character  of  her  inhabitants  unaltered: 
and  his  eye  was  pained,  in  beholding  the  same  vain 
and  soul-destroying  superstitions. 

Owing  to  this  increase  of  missionaries,  there  was 
a  greater  amount  of  religious  privileges  than  before. 
In  his  journal,  under  date  of  March  4th,  Mr.  Abeel 
notices  the  various  means  of  grace  enjoyed  even  in 
this  land  of  heathenism.     "  Yesterday  was  the  first 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  179 

Sabbath  we  have  spent  on  shore  since  the  .middle  of 
October  last.  The  scene  has  changed  since  I  was 
here  before.  Then  a  chaplain  belonging  to  the  East 
India  Company  officiated  in  their  chapel,  and  we 
held  a  service  in  the  dining-room  of  Talbot,  Oliphant 
&  Go's  residence.  Now  the  Company's  privileges 
being  annulled,  its  servants  are  dispersed,  and  the 
missionaries  occupy  their  chapel  on  the  Sabbath. 
The  English  service,  or  rather,  parts  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopal  service  are  read,  and  a  sermon  either 
preached  or  read,  according  to  the  time  which  the 
missionaries  can  spare  from  their  other  duties.  A 
very  respectable  auditory  were  present,  and  Mr. 
Dickinson,  from  Singapore,  preached  the  sermon. 
He  has  frequently  supplied  the  pulpit  during  his 
visit,  and  his  services  have  been  very  acceptable  to 
the  foreign  residents.  In  the  afternoon  at  five,  we 
had  a  Bible  class  ;  at  which  the  professors  of  religion, 
and  a  few  others  who  are  disposed  to  serious  pur- 
suits, usually  are  present.  In  the  evening,  as  is  the 
custom  here  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  every  month, 
the  sacrament  was  administered  in  the  mission 
house.  Eight  partook  of  the  emblems ;  being  dou- 
ble the  number  that  celebrated  this  feast,  when  I 
resided  here  before.  These,  with  a  Thursday  eve- 
ning meeting  for  prayer,  constitute  the  social  privi- 
leges of  the  place." 

This  was  far  different  from  his  situation,  when 
among  the  benighted  inhabitants  of  Siam  he  stood 
alone,  shut  out  from  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  public 
ordinances  of  religion. 

He  had  not  labored  long  at  Canton  and  Macao, 


180  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

before  the  whole  operations  of  the  missionaries  were 
impeded  by  the  difficulties  which  arose  between 
Great  Britain  and  China,  in  relation  to  the  opium 
trade.  As  to  the  justice  or  injustice  of  these  diffi- 
culties, and  of  the  course  of  policy  arising  from 
them,  Mr.  Abeel  says  but  little,  in  his  journal  or 
letters.  While  he  considered  the  opium  trade  as 
fraught  with  ruinous  consequences  to  the  bodies 
and  souls  of  the  inhabitants  of  China,  on  the  other 
hand  he  deemed  the  war  necessary  to  overcome  the 
prejudices,  and  destroy  the  exclusive  policy  of  these 
self-styled  subjects  of  the  "  Son  of  Heaven."  He 
looked  beyond  political  questions ;  and  saw  in  these 
difficulties,  the  providence  of  God  working  great 
results  for  good  out  of  seeming  evil,  and  causing  the 
wrath  af  man  to  praise  him.  Nor  were  his  antici- 
pations in  regard  to  these  things  disappointed.  This 
is  a  most  interesting  point  in  the  history  of  China, 
as  it  develops  at  the  same  time  the  singular  charac- 
ter and  policy  of  her  inhabitants,  and  the  move- 
ments of  the  Divine  hand,  in  opening  a  way  that 
this  benighted  kingdom  might  receive  the  Gospel  of 
life.  Hence  the  greater  part  of  this  chapter  will  be 
filled  with  extracts  from  the  journal  of  Mr.  Abeel, 
describing  these  difficulties.  His  descriptions  pos- 
sess all  the  interest  which  are  found  in  the  journals 
of  those  who  are  eye-witnesses,  and  careful  observ- 
ers of  the  great  events  of  Providence  :  who  observe 
not  from  motives  of  worldly  policy,  but  to  learn  the 
will  of  God.  We  commence  our  extracts  with  the 
notice  of  the  events  which  produced  the  first  oppor- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  181 

tunity  for   the  display  of   the  belligerent  feelings 
which  had  so  long  existed  between  these  nations. 

''March  22. — A  great  excitement,  mingled  in 
some  minds  with  no  small  degree  of  apprehension 
for  personal  safety,  prevails  throughout  the  foreign 
community.  A  commissioner  invested  with  pleni- 
potentiary powers  from  the  Court  of  Pekin,  arrived 
in  Canton  several  days  ago,  with  the  avowed  and 
apparently  sincere  intention  of  putting  a  perpetual 
end  to  the  opium  traffic.  It  has  grown  to  such  a 
frightful  magnitude,  and  has  so  long  eluded  the  laws 
of  the  country,  and  set  at  defiance  the  edicts  of  the 
Emperor,  that  now  the  power  of  the  empire  appears 
to  be  summoned  to  crush  it.  All  the  opium  ships 
lying  in  the  outside  waters,  are  demanded  to  sur- 
render their  entire  cargoes,  some  fifteen  or  twenty 
thousand  chests.  This  demand  is  made  by  the  com- 
missioner to  the  hong  merchants;  and  the  public 
execution  of  two  of  them  is  threatened,  in  case  of 
any  failure.  For  a  few  days  these  unfortunate,  in- 
nocent men  have  been  a  state  of  the  greatest  alarm 
and  agitation.  They  have  never  participated  in  the 
trade,  and  never  received  the  least  consideration  for 
conniving  at  it.  Indeed,  it  is  questionable  whether 
their  silence  or  non-interference  can  be  interpreted 
into  a  criminal  connivance.  Their  business  is  lim- 
ited to  the  trade  within  the  custom-house  districts. 
But  the  opium  traffic  has  been  carried  on,  at  least 
by  foreign  ships,  with  which  alone  they  are  connect- 
ed, beyond  these  limits.  Besides,  such  is  the  custom 
of  the  country,  that  it  is  said  by  the  residents  here, 
the  hong  merchants  are  not  at  liberty  to  volunteer 


182  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

information  on  any  subjects.  When  called  up  before 
the  authorities,  they  are  expected  to  reply  to  ques- 
tions, but  permitted  to  say  nothing  farther.  They 
have  been  to  see  the  merchants  on  several  occasions, 
and  are  represented  as  objects  of  real  commisera- 
tion. The  opium,  or  much  of  it,  belongs  to  persons 
in  other  countries,  and  the  merchants  here  say  they 
have  no  right  to  give  it  up.  Yesterday  the  poor 
hong  merchants  were  in  such  distress,  in  dread  of 
the  execution  which  was  threatened  this  morning, 
that  the  foreign  merchants  subscribed  a  thousand 
and  thirty-six  chests  of  opium  to  appease  the  com- 
missioner, and  preserve  their  lives.  What  will  be 
the  effect,  we  are  all  waiting  to  ascertain  with  no 
small  degree  of  interest.  The  hong  merchants  are 
in  the  city,  holding  an  interview  with  the  viceroy ; 
but  it  is  scarcely  possible,  that  one  thousand  chests 
of  opium,  will  be  received  as  a  substitute  for  fifteen 
or  twenty  thousand,  which  the  commissioner  knows 
is  in  the  ships  on  the  coast.  If  he  persists  in  his 
original  demand,  and  especially  if  he  proceeds  to  the 
infliction  of  the  threatened  punishment,  the  mer- 
chants will  be  compelled  to  surrender  all.  Indeed 
even  then,  if  one  or  two  of  these  innocent  men 
should  be  first  sacrificed,  it  is  thought  by  some  that 
the  giving  up  of  the  drug  will  be  of  no  avail  to  for- 
eigners. The  mob,  seeing  men  of  reputation  and 
some  standing  in  society  delivered  up  as  victims  for 
the  crimes  of  foreigners,  will  break  through  all 
restraints,  as  they  came  near  doing  a  few  months  ago, 
and  make  the  lives  of  us  all  answer  for  the  offence 
of  the  gi\ilty.     The  plea  of  foreigners  who  have 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  183 

dealt  in  the  drug,  is,  that  the  Chinese  themselves 
have  participated  largely  in  the  contraband  traffic — 
that  the  officers,  and  some  of  the  high  officers  of 
the  government,  have  derived  large  sums  from  its 
profits — that  they  had  reason  to  expect  from  the 
petition  of  some  of  the  greatest  mandarins  in  the 
empire,  as  well  as  the  opinion  of  the  hong  merchants, 
that  it  w^ould  have  been  legalized  before  the  present 
day — that  it  is  impossible  to  carry  on  any  commerce 
with  the  Chinese,  without  infringing  some  of  their 
unreasonable  laws,  &c.  &c.  To-day  we  are  all  pre- 
vented from  leaving  Canton.  Several  government 
boats  have  taken  their  stations  near  the  landing- 
place,  and  while  they  allow  foreigners  to  enter  the 
city,  none  are  permitted  to  leave  it. 

*'  Our  teachers  on  all  such  occasions  are  obliged  to 
keep  aloof.  Their  engagements  with  us  contravene 
the  laws  of  the  country.  Indeed  we  can  scarcely 
stir  without  stumbling  over  some  absurd  prohibition 
or  other.  The  commissioner  has  been  informed 
that  the  house  of  Oliphant  &  Co.,  in  which  I  am 
living,  has  maintained  as  decided  an  opposition  to 
the  traffic,  as  their  situation  would  allow.  In  his 
public  edicts  he  discriminated  between  the  good  and 
bad  foreigners,  and  professes  to  know  the  names  of 
all.  Indeed  there  is  no  doubt  of  his  having  obtained 
the  most  minute  information,  respecting  the  mer- 
chants and  their  business.  He  knows  there  are  men 
here  who  understand  the  Chinese  language.  These 
are  all  engaged  in  commercial  affairs.  Of  Bridge- 
man,  Dr.  Parker,  and  myself,  he  has  probably  not 
been  informed.     The  hospital  will  unquestionably 


184  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

come  under  his  notice.  But  I  must  leave  the  future 
to  disclose  its  own  events.  '  The  Lord  reigns/  and 
'  the  gates  of  hell  shall  not  prevail '  against  His  king- 
dom." 

This  is  the  commencement  of  those  difficulties, 
which  at  last  produced,  or  were  a  part  of  the  causes 
producing  the  war  between  England  and  China. 
The  whole  course  of  it  is  developed  in  this  journal, 
and  for  this  reason  large  extracts  are  published. 

''March  23. — The  excitement  continues.  A  crowd 
of  inquisitive  Chinese  have  spent  the  day  in  front 
of  the  factories.  The  hong  merchants,  and  several 
of  the  high  officers  of  the  government,  have  been 
passing  many  hours  in  one  of  the  buildings  in  the 
rear  of  us,  endeavoring  to  persuade  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal opium  dealers  to  comply  with  the  wishes  or 
commands  of  the  commissioner,  to  meet  him  in  the 
city.  The  gentleman  has  refused  to  go  without  a 
guarantee,  under  the  seal  of  the  commissioner,  that 
he  shall  be  permitted  to  retire  after  the  interview. 
The  hong  merchants  and  officers  are  evidently 
afraid  to  carry  this  reply  to  the  commissioner,  and 
have  consequently  been  employing  all  arguments 
and  appeals  to  change  the  purpose  of  the  person  in 
demand.  A  company  of  four  foreigners,  one  of 
whom  is  connected  with  the  same  house  with  the 
individual  whose  presence  is  required,  have  gone 
into  the  city  to  bear  the  reply  which  the  native  of- 
ficers were  afraid  to  return  to  their  superior,  and  to 
answer  such  questions  as  the  great  man  may  feel 
disposed  to  propose.  We  all  wait  with  anxiety  for 
the  result  of  the  interview.     It  is  now  past  nine 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  185 

o'clock,  lanterns  are  hung  around  the  entrances  of 
all  the  foreign  buildings,  and  the  crowd  which  had 
partly  dispersed  is  again  deepening.  All  commu- 
nication is  cut  off.  Foreigners  are  not  allowed 
even  to  approach  the  city.  The  place  is  evidently 
under  martial  law. 

"  March  25. — The  party  who  went  into  the  city 
were  very  well  treated,  and  returned  about  ten  in 
the  evening.  They  did  not  see  the  commissioner, 
and  it  is  to  be  feared  that  their  going  gained  no  im- 
portant point.  The  demand  for  Mr.  Dent  still  con- 
tinues. Yesterday,  all  the  operations  on  the  part 
of  the  Chinese  were  suspended,  in  deference  to  our 
opinions  of  the  Sabbath.  At  least  such  was  the 
general  impression,  and  the  day  passed  quietly  away 
until  about  the  middle  of  the  afternoon,  when  the 
scene  suddenly  changed ;  and  such  a  change,  per- 
haps, none  have  ever  witnesed  before  in  Canton. 
Captain  Elliott,  the  superintendent  of  the  British 
commission,  hearing  at  Macao  of  the  excitement 
here,  and  the  demand  for  one  of  her  Majesty's  sub- 
jects, took  his  cutter  and  proceeded  as  far  as  one 
of  the  forts  near  this  city :  when,  leaving  the  cutter 
at  anchor,  he  embarked  in  a  ship's  boat,  and  forced 
his  way,  against  the  opposition  and  threats  of  the 
mandarin  galleys,  to  the  factories.  The  news  spread 
wdth  great  rapidity,  and  the  boats  and  streets  poured 
forth  their  contents  like  swarms  of  bees  from  their 
hives.  The  British  flag  was  immediately  hoisted. 
Captain  E.  called  upon  all  foreigners  to  stand  by 
him,  and  then  went  in  full  uniform  to  the  residence 
of  Mr.  Dent,  and  took  him  out,  surrounded  by  Eng- 


186  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

lish  and  Americans,  to  the  large  British  factory. 
Very  soon  afterwards,  though  in  compUance  with 
an  order  issued  before  this  event  was  known  in  the 
city,  all  the  servants  of  the  foreigners  were  com- 
manded to  leave  their  places.  The  approach  to  the 
factories  has  been  completely  blocked  up  by  officers 
and  soldiers  at  the  corners  of  the  streets  opening 
into  the  square ;  and  by  solid  rows  of  boats,  pre- 
venting all  communication  by  the  river.  This 
morning  we  were  obliged  to  prepare  our  own  break- 
fast ;  and  until  this  order  is  revoked,  we  shall  have 
the  pleasure  of  waiting  upon  each  other  and  our- 
selves. The  object  of  the  Chinese,  is  to  starve  or 
annoy  the  foreign  community  into  subservience  to 
the  commands  of  the  Emperor's  minister.  We 
shall  probably  be  able  to  endure  the  siege  for  many 
weeks,  having  a  pretty  good  supply  of  provisions, 
and  Parsee  neighbors,  who  have  their  own  servants, 
and  who  evidently  feel  disposed  to  assist  us. 

"  Matters  are  approaching  a  crisis.  What  will 
be  the  denouement,  none  can  tell ;  Capt.  Elliott  is 
resolved  not  to  give  up  Mr.  Dent,  or  any  of  the 
opium,  having  received  the  latter  under  British  pro- 
tection. Last  night  he  said  he  was  going  instantly 
to  demand  passports  for  all  English  subjects,  and  all 
others  who  would  place  themselves  under  their  flag. 
He  would  allow  the  Chinese  government  ten  days, 
after  which  he  would  interpret  a  refusal  to  grant 
his  request,  into  hostile  intentions,  and  would  act 
accordingly. 

"  The  square  is  perfectly  clear,  with  the  exception 
of  the  officers  and  soldiers,  who  keep  it  so.     I  never 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  187 

saw  a  mob  assemble  and  disperse  so  hastily,  as  yes- 
terday evening.  Though  their  curiosity  was  greatly 
excited,  before  we  knew  the  cause,  we  saw  them 
scampering  in  every  direction,  as  if  they  felt  the 
rocking  of  an  earthquake,  and  feared  immediate  in- 
humation. A  few  officers  of  government  occasioned 
this  precipitate  retreat :  it  shows  their  dread  of  the 
civil  authorities. 

"  Since  I  began  to  write  the  square  has  again 
been  the  scene  of  great  commotion.  Numbers  of 
soldiers  stationed  in  the  boats,  rushed  out  with  their 
spears,  and,  as  usual,  made  a  great  noise.  Two 
Englishmen,  under  a  Dutch  chop  or  passport,  came 
from  Macao,  and  after  many  detentions  succeeded 
in  reaching  Canton.  The  streets  are  said  to  be 
again  open,  if  indeed  they  were  shut  at  all ;  for  re- 
ports are  numerous  and  contradictory.  Our  Chi- 
nese studies  are  in  a  great  measure  suspended. 
The  teachers  are  not  allowed  to  approach  us,  and 
everything  is  in  a  state  of  excitement  and  expecta- 
tion. The  121st  Psalm  presented  itself  in  the  course 
of  private  reading  this  morning.  This  is  quite 
enough  for  personal  safety,  and  the  security  and 
increase  of  the  church  are  equally  promised. 

^' April  \. — The  changes  of  the  weather  at  this 
season  are  as  sudden  as  in  America.  The  variation 
is  not  so  great,  but  its  effects  are  quite  as  trying. 
As  soon  as  the  wind  comes  in  from  the  north  you 
perceive  the  difference  ;  and  until  its  return  to  the 
south  or  west,  invalids  especially  with  weak  or  dis- 
eased lungs,  must  expect  to  suffer.  As  in  Amer- 
ica,  three   or    four   days    generally   exhausts   the 


188  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Strength  of  the  wind,  and  the  chiUiness  of  the  at- 
mosphere. These  changes  are  very  common  in 
the  spring ;  but  when  the  monsoon  changes,  about 
the  close  of  this  month,  the  weather  becomes  per- 
manently hot. 

''May  16. — Several  changes  since  the  last  date. 
The  commissioner  promised,  upon  the  delivery  of 
the  opium,  forgiveness  for  all  past  offences  and  the 
full  enjoyment  of  former  privileges.  The  first  was 
specified,  the  last  implied,  if  not  declared.  Instead 
of  fulfilling  this  part  of  his  agreement,  he  has  de- 
tained sixteen  men,  whom  he  supposes  to  be  the 
leading  opium  dealers,  but  some  of  whom  have  never 
partaken  in  the  trade,  as  hostages,  until  the  drug 
is  surrendered.  Several  of  these  gentlemen  have 
been  ordered  to  leave  Canton  never  to  return.  The 
rest  are  expecting  the  same  ejectment.  A  new  law 
has  been  promulgated,  threatening  confiscation  and 
death  to  every  foreigner  who  shall  engage  in  smug- 
gling the  drug.  There  are  two  serious  objections 
to  this  law.  The  Chinese  system  of  suretyship,  or 
mutual  responsibility,  involves  the  innocent  with  the 
guilty — their  mode  of  trial  is  exceedingly  exception- 
able, as  past  experience  has  proved — and  they  are 
constantly  committing  egregious  mistakes  in  their 
transactions  with  foreigners.  They  have  misjudged 
with  regard  to  several  of  the  sixteen  whom  they  are 
holding  in  Canton.  A  few  months  ago,  it  was  with 
the  greatest  difficulty  that  an  innocent  gentlemen 
could  extricate  himself  from  the  most  serious  em- 
barrassments, occasioned  by  a  remote  resemblance 
in  the  name.     Their  language  is  so  different  from 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  189 

ours,  that  here  they  are  liable  to  constant  errors.  In 
this  case  the  officers  of  government  w^ere  so  bent 
upon  expelling  the  one  whom  they  mistook  for  the 
offender,  that  the  hong  merchants  came  and  besought 
him  to  acknowledge  the  crime,  and  submit  to  the 
penalty.     So  much  for  Chinese  justice. 

"  A  very  perplexing  mistake  has  been  committed 
in  the  returns  of  the  opium.  The  merchants  who 
held  the  drug,  gave  in  to  the  English  Superintendent 
the  amount  of  20,000  chests,  and  upwards ;  which 
now  proves  to  be  some  two  or  three  thousand  chests 
more  than  the  smuggling  ships  contained.  From 
the  manifest  absence  of  reason  and  justice  in  the 
Chinese  authorities,  there  is  no  possibility  of  con- 
vincing them  of  the  error.  The  opium  which  ar- 
rived since,  has  been  employed  to  supply  the  defi- 
ciency, and  yet  some  hundreds  are  lacking.  These 
will  probably  arrive  before  long." 

This  number  of  chests  was  finally  obtained  and 
delivered  to  the  commissioner,  who  destroyed  them. 

"  August  17. — About  a  month  ago,  a  Chinaman 
was  killed  at  Hong-Kong,  in  an  affray  with  some 
English  sailors.  The  men  have  been  tried,  and  some 
of  them  sentenced  to  imprisonment  by  a  court  com- 
posed of  British  subjects.  It  was  impossible  to  as- 
certain who  gave  the  fatal  blow,  and  it  was  very 
certain  that  no  malice  prepense  could  have  existed. 
The  commissioner,  ignorant  of  what  the  English 
have  done,  or  determined  to  have  his  own  way,  has 
issued  an  edict,  demanding  the  murderer.  The 
Chinese  servants  in  the  English  houses,  are  ordered 
to  withdraw  within  three  days,  and  threatened  with 


190  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

execution,  if  they  disobey.  The  consequence  is, 
there  is  great  excitement  among  the  Enghsh.  Many 
are  apprehensive  that  a  man  of  their  number  will  be 
seized  as  a  substitute  for  the  guilty  sailor.  Some 
of  them  are  embarking  on  board  the  ships.  The 
edict  of  the  day  before  yesterday,  w^as  an  order,  not 
only  for  the  immediate  w^ithdrawal  of  the  servants, 
but  also  for  the  stopping  of  supplies.  The  reasons 
assigned  were  not  simply  the  murder,  but  some  of 
the  old  grievances ;  principally  the  refusal  of  the 
British  merchants,  either  to  send  their  ships  to 
Whampoa  for  trade,  or  to  send  them  out  of  the  Chi- 
nese waters.  A  discrimination  is  made  between  the 
English,  and  the  other  foreign  Barbarians,  which  is 
a  new  feature  in  Chinese  policy.  This,  however, 
must  in  a  great  measure  defeat  their  object ;  as  they 
cannot  well  distinguish  between  them,  and  if  they 
could,  they  could  not  prevent  the  one  from  assisting 
the  other." 

The  events  recorded  under  the  last  date  and  in 
the  ensuing  extracts,  occurred  at  Macao,  whither 
Mr.  Abeel  had  removed  from  Canton. 

^'August  28. — We  have  been  passing  through 
scenes  of  great  excitement.  After  the  removal  of 
the  Chinese  servants  from  the  English  families,  the 
Portuguese  were  engaged  as  substitutes ;  and  for  a 
day  or  two  the  inconvenience  was  not  very  great. 
The  commissioner,  finding  that  they  could  purchase 
as  freely  as  the  Chinese,  and  that  his  object  had  been 
defeated,  limited  the  supplies  that  were  brought  to 
market ;  and  challenged  or  watched  the  purchasers. 
But  soon  finding  that  he  could  not  distinguish  the 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  191 

servants  of  the  English,  from  those  of  the  Portu- 
guese, or  even  from  the  poorer  class  of  Portuguese, 
he  directed  an  edict  to  the  Portuguese  themselves 
commanding  them  to  wuthdraw^  from  the  service  of 
the  English  ;  and  menacing  them  v^^ith  the  stoppage 
of  provisions,  if  they  refused.  Captain  Elliott  waited 
to  see  that  this  was  likely  to  be  executed  ;  and  then, 
with  the  members  of  the  commission,  retired  to 
Hong-Kong.  It  was  hoped  that  this  would  pacify 
the  commissioner ;  but  scarcely  had  a  day  inter- 
vened, before  the  Portuguese  governor  received  of- 
ficial notice,  that  if  the  English  did  not  deliver  up 
the  murderer,  or  instantly  leave  the  place,  a  band 
of  some  thousands  of  soldiers  would  be  let  loose 
upon  them.  This  left  no  alternative  to  the  subjects 
of  her  Britannic  majesty.  They  all  prepared  to  take 
a  hasty  departure.  The  following  day  was  fixed  for 
their  embarkation.  But  '  the  decree  was  so  hasty,' 
that,  that  very  night,  the  governor  received  word 
that  the  English  houses  would  be  attacked  by  the 
Chinese  soldiers  before  morning. 

"  The  governor  is  a  soldier  by  profession ;  and  his 
reply  was,  that  the  English  were  preparing  to  leave 
the  place,  and  if  an  attack  was  made  he  would  re- 
pel it  with  his  utmost  force.  It  was  the  Sabbath 
night.  Of  course  the  calmness  of  the  day  had  been 
greatly  interrupted.  The  moon  shone  brilliantly, 
and  disclosed  almost  every  object  in  the  surround- 
ing regions.  The  soldiers  were  called  out,  the  Por- 
tuguese inhabitants  and  the  foreign  merchants  armed 
themselves.  The  governor  spent  the  night  in  the 
Monte  fort,  w^hich  arises  over  our  house  ;  and  when 


192  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

the  morning  returned,  we  found  that  the  guns  had 
been  ready  to  perform  their  awful  work.  The  Chi- 
nese, if  they  seriously  meditated  an  attack,  doubtless 
saw  that  it  would  be  hazarding  too  much.  The 
succeeding  day  witnessed  the  departure  of  nearly 
all  who  bore  the  British  name.  My  host,  who,  by 
the  way,  since  the  troubles,  has  become  my  guest, 
was  obliged  to  depart.  The  dwelling  had  been 
transferred  to  me,  and  now  passed  as  an  American 
house.  Whether  this  transfer  has  been  acknowl- 
edged by  the  Chinese  authorities,  is  a  question  of 
which  there  has  been  a  diversity  of  opinions.  Up 
to  the  time  of  the  threatened  attack,  it  remained 
very  doubtful ;  although,  as  we  have  not  been  dis- 
turbed, we  have  reason  to  believe  it  is  recognized  as 
American.  Two  other  English  ladies,  on  account 
of  ill  health,  have  been  obliged  to  remain  on  shore. 
They  are  both  living  in  American  houses." 

"  November  4. — Yesterday  there  was  a  naval  en- 
gagement between  the  two  English  vessels  that  are 
here,  and  a  fleet  of  Chinese  war  junks.  The  com- 
missioner issued  threats  of  expulsion  to  the  English 
who  had  recently  returned  to  Macao,  and  extinction 
to  the  English  fleet  at  Hong-Kong,  by  means  of 
fire-boats.  The  ships  of  war  went  to  the  Bogue  to 
demand  of  the  commissioner  the  withdrawal  of 
these  threats,  and  to  inform  him  of  their  intention 
in  case  of  a  refusal.  While  lying  at  anchor  not  far 
from  the  Bogue,  waiting  a  reply  from  the  commis- 
sioner, the  Chinese  Admiral  sent  a  request  to  Capt. 
Smith  of  the  Volage,  to  change  his  position  to  an- 
other w^hich  he  specified.     The  reasons  which  he 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  108 

assigned,  induced  Captain  S.  to   accord  with   his 
wishes.      The   ships   removed   some  distance,   and 
anchored.     Soon  after,  the  Chinese  fleet,  consisting 
of  nine  and  twenty  junks,  bore  down  upon  the  frig- 
ate and  sloop,  and  almost  surrounded  them.     Capt. 
Smith  sent  them  word  that  this  was  very  incorrect, 
— that  he  had  complied  with  their  request  in  re- 
moving—and that  now,  he  must  demand  of  them  to 
leave  him  immediately,  or  he  should  feel  himself 
under  the  necessity  of  opening  a  fire  upon  them. 
This  message  being  entirely  disregarded,  and  the  re- 
quest to  the   commissioner  having  been  returned 
sealed,  the  ships  weighed  anchor,  and  commenced 
the  work  of  destruction.     The  fire  was  returned  by 
the  Chinese,  and  they  acted  with  great  bravery; 
but  their  resistance  was  of  no  account.     Two  of 
their  boats  were  sunk — one  blew  up — and  several 
ran  on  shore.     Hundreds  of  poor  creatures  were 
destroyed,  while  the  English  lost  not  a  soul.     Not 
an  individual  was  even  wounded.     The  mast  of  the 
Hyacinth,  the  sloop  of  war,  was  split ;  but  no  other 
damage  was  sustained.     They  might  have  destroyed 
ail,  but  mercy  triumphed.     The  Chinese  are  silent. 
They  say  the  fates  are  against  them. 

"  On  the  day  before  yesterday,  one  or  two  parties 
were  attacked  at  Kow-Loon,  near  Hong-Kong, 
having  gone  on  shore  for  exercise.  Two  men  were 
wounded.  We  hear  there  has  been  a  skirmishing 
since,  but  the  rumor  is  vague.  The  ships  have  gone 
to  Hong-Kong.  May  He  who  rides  upon  the  whirl- 
wind and  directs  the  storm,  overrule  these  sad  events 


194  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  the  speedy  establishment  of  universal  peace  in 
the  world. 

''November  10. — -The  cool  weather  which  set  in 
with  the  month,  lasted  only  a  few  days ;  since  which 
it  has  been  sufficiently  warm  to  be  agreeable.  The 
atmosphere  is  delightfully  pure,  although  occasion- 
ally we  have  a  cloudy  day,  and  a  little  rain.  No 
farther  news." 

"  February  5,  1840. — I  am  often  out  among  the 
Fokien  part  of  the  population,  talking  to  them  about 
the  true  religion.  Generally  the  reception  is  very 
good.  They  are  a  frank,  lively,  unsuspicious,  hos- 
pitable race.  They  gather  round,  and  listen  at 
times  with  interest ;  although,  very  frequently,  they 
evidently  care  very  little  about  what  is  said.  A 
few  days  ago,  I  entered  a  hut  in  the  fields,  where  the 
owner  was  employed  weighing  out  driblets  of  opium, 
to  poor  miserable  objects,  who  could  only  afford  to 
purchase  a  few  cash  worth  at  the  time.  There  is 
much  reason  to  believe  ij;s  use  is  very  prevalent. 

*'  Yesterday,  the  priests  in  a  Budh  temple  ap- 
proached very  near  where  we  were  standing,  and 
went  through  their  mummeries  as  if  no  one  was 
present.  The  day  before  several  laymen  expressed 
the  same  shamelessness  in  the  worship  of  their  dumb 
idols.     Mahommedans  I  have  seen  do  the  same. 

"February  11. — Weather  fine  and  healthful,  nei- 
ther too  warm  nor  cold. 

*'  To-day,  in  our  rounds  among  the  natives,  we 
entered  a  house  in  the  fields,  where  they  were  smok- 
ing opium.  Being  very  poor,  they  could  not  afford 
to  smoke  expensively,   and  hence  could  consume 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  195 

only  between  one  and  two  cents  worth  at  the  time. 
Two  of  them  were  lying  down,  as  is  their  custom, 
one  of  whom  very  fearlessly  prepared  his  pipe,  and 
indulged  himself  in  our  presence.     Vain  are  all  the 
threats  of  government.     The  menace  of  death  itself 
does  not  alarm  them.    In  the  company  was  a  young 
man  of  twenty-five,  whose  complexion  and  eyes  and 
teeth  all  gave  infallible  signs  of  the  powerfully  dele- 
terious influence  of  the  drug.     He  said  he  had  been 
addicted  to  the  habit  several  years  ;  and  wished  to 
know  whether  I  had  any  medicine,  which  would  as- 
sist him  to  overcome  the  effects  of  abandoning  its 
use.     His  appearance  was  prepossessing ;   and  the 
facility  with  which  he  spoke  three  of  the  dialects  of 
the  language,  deeply  interested  me  in  his  case.     I 
spoke  to  them  of  the  evils  of  the  vice,  and  endeav- 
ored   to   impress  upon   them  the  grand  truths  of 
Christianity.    In  two  or  three  other  houses  we  were 
received  with  so  much  cordiality,  and  they  listened 
with  so  much  apparent  animation  and  intelligence 
to  what  was  said  about  their  eternal  interests,  that 
I  felt  encouraged.     In  one  house,  several  women 
opposed  us  by  all  the  arguments  they  could  muster, 
in  favor  of  their  idolatries. 

"  The  Catholic  priests  appear  to  enter  the  country 
and  return  at  pleasure.  We  often  see  strange  faces 
among  them  ;  and  then  they  disappear,  as  if  there 
was  a  constant  tide  setting  into  the  empire  and  re- 
turning. Yesterday,  two  of  them  were  seen  com- 
ing from  within,  in  Chinese  clothes,  and  with  a  gun 
on  the  shoulder  of  one  of  them.  When  shall  we  be 
able  thus  to  enter  ?" 


196  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

'^  June  5. — Last  evening,  commenced  a  social 
nneeting  for  the  Chinese.  Five  were  present — four 
strangers,  and  my  teacher.  They  read  understand- 
ingly,  and  appeared  to  comprehend  perfectly  all 
my  explanations.  Oh,  for  the  Lord's  presence  and 
blessing." 

"  July  20. — In  the  evening  I  went  out  among  the 
people,  and  some  of  them  spoke  lightly  of  the  name 
of  Jesus.  I  endeavored  to  reprove  them,  and  rea- 
son with  them  ;  but  my  own  inability  to  impress 
them,  and  the  carnality  of  their  minds,  appeared  so 
exceedingly  great,  that  I  felt  that  a  lively  faith  is 
indispensable  in  such  a  work.  Other  minor  trials 
have  been  added  to  the  above,  to  wean  me  from 
self — from  any  inordinate  dependence  upon  others — 
from  the  world — and  to  fix  my  eye  and  heart  upon 
Him  who  is  with  us  alway. 

*'  27. — This  morning,  in  passing  without  one  of 
the  city  gates  on  my  way  to  the  sea-shore,  I  saw  a 
woman  almost  in  the  path  I  was  pursuing,  with 
some  one  lying  near  her,  apparently  asleep.  As  I 
approached  her,  she  manifested  signs  of  deep  grief, 
and  I  then  thought  that  the  object  lying  near  her 
was  a  sick  child.  On  coming  up  to  the  spot,  I  per- 
ceived that  the  lad  was  lying  as  though  in  a  very 
gentle  sleep — rather  pale,  but  not  emaciated.  The 
woman's  sorrow  induced  me  to  examine  him  ;  when, 
to  my  surprise,  I  found  that  life  was  extinct.  His 
body  was  very  warm,  and  my  conclusion  w^as  that 
he  had  just  expired.  The  grief  of  the  mother  be- 
came very  great,  when  I  told  her  that  he  was  dead. 
My  own  heart  sank  within  me  at  her  deplorable 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  197 

condition.  I  could  offer  her  no  relief.  Indeed  I 
could  scarcely  understand  a  word  of  her  dialect. 
There  was  no  indication  of  much  poverty,  either  in 
her  dress,  or  that  of  her  deceased  child.  On  my 
return,  I  found  them  engaged  in  their  superstitious 
rites — burning  tapers — covering  the  body  with  gold 
and  silver  paper — and  offering  fruits  to  the  departed 
spirit.  The  father,  and  another  fine  looking  child, 
were  then  present.  The  poor  mother  was  dressing 
the  body  of  her  eldest  son  (as  she  called  him),  with 
a  bleeding  heart,  for  his  interment.  The  coffin  was 
brought  before  I  left  the  scene.  Oh,  the  horrors  of 
heathenism ! — the  ignorance  of  everything  spiritual 
— the  absence  of  everything  consolator}^ 

^'August  10. — Yesterday  we  heard  definitely — 
what  rumor  had  whispered  a  day  before — that  Mr. 
Stanton  had  been  seized,  and  was  at  Canton.  We 
thank  God  that  he  has  not  perished,  and  pray  that 
he  may  be  yet  restored  unto  us.  As  far  as  we  can 
gather  from  the  Chinese,  he  was  seized  by  six  men ; 
led  on  by  the  petty  officer  who  was  promoted  for 
burning  the  Spanish  vessel  Bilbaino,  and  for  destroy- 
ing several  of  the  crew  of  the  Black  Joke.  He 
had  been  watching  a  good  opportunity  two  days. 
Whether  Mr.  Stanton  resisted  or  not  we  cannot 
tell ;  although  he  was  seen  at  Tae  Peng,  at  half-past 
five  in  the  evening,  wounded  in  the  head,  and  his 
clothes  stained  with  blood.  His  hands  were  tied 
behind  him,  and  he  appeared  very  languid.  He  had 
neither  hat,  stockings,  nor  shoes.  The  following 
day  he  was  taken  to  Canton ;  and  was  soon  after- 
ward brought  before  many  of  the  high  officers  of 


198  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

government — the  hong  merchants  and  others — and 
underwent  a  course  of  questioning  which  lasted 
about  six  or  seven  hours.  The  questions  were  on 
very  many  subjects,  and  very  minutely  on  some  of 
them.  He  answered  with  great  candor  and  intre- 
pidity. They  began  by  asking  of  what  country  he 
was.  He  replied  of  England.  For  what  object  did 
you  come  ?  As  a  teacher.  To  whom  ?  To  Mrs. 
Turner's  family.  Why  did  you  remain  after  she 
returned  ?  To  teach  the  Gospel.  Mr.  S.  gave  a 
brief  outline  of  its  precepts  and  doctrines.  Upon 
which,  the  Kwan  Chow  Foo,  endeavoring  to  frighten 
him,  said  that  all  this  was  a  mere  fabrication :  that 
he  had  secretly  inquired,  and  ascertained  that  he 
was  engaged  in  the  opium  traffic.  Turning  to  the 
hong  merchants,  he  asked  whether  they  were  not 
aware  that  he  dealt  in  opium.  They  all  replied  that 
he  was  not  a  merchant,  but  was  what  he  professed 
to  be.  Then,  said  the  inquirer,  you  are  guilty  of  a 
high  misdemeanor  in  attempting  to  propagate  a  cor- 
rupt religion,  and  are  liable  to  punishment  accord- 
ing to  law.  He  then  asked,  Are  there  other  English 
at  Macao  ?  Yes,  many.  This  created  much  ex- 
citement, and  many  whispers ;  it  having  been  offi- 
cially reported  that  all  the  English  had  been  driven 
from  Macao.  They  inquired  about  his  opinion  of 
the  opium  trade,  which  he  did  not  hesitate  to  give 
them. 

"  They  were  very  particular  in  their  interroga- 
tions respecting  the  English  expedition  ;  their  num- 
ber— their  object  in  coming — why  they  had  taken 
Chusan — fired  on  Amoy  and  captured  the  junks. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  199 

"  Whether  from  the  fearlessness  of  his  manner,  or 
the  boldness  of  his  replies,  or  some  other  cause,  they 
tried  to  terrify  him.  They  threatened  him  with 
torture ;  to  which  he  replied  that  they  might  take 
his  life — it  was  of  very  little  consequence — and  he 
had  no  dread  o'f  dying — but  that  such  an  act  would 
expose  them  to  a  fearful  retribution  from  his  coun-  ^ 
try  men,  who  would  now  demand  him  as  soon  as 
they  heard  where  he  was,  and  would  probably  take 
the  forts  if  he  was  not  surrendered.  The  Chinese 
who  heard  the  examination  were  astonished  at  his 
courage.  They  said,  '  he  had  very  strong  heart ' — 
'  he  no  fear  that  mandarin.'  Our  last  reports  are, 
that  he  is  in  a  pretty  comfortable  situation — has 
changes  of  garments  allowed — fowls  to  eat — attend- 
ance, and  Chinese  books  to  read. 

"  August  19. — A  memorable  day  for  Macao.  We 
have  witnessed  an  engagement  between  the  English 
and  the  Chinese ;  if  it  be  an  engagement,  when  the 
fighting  is  almost  all  on  one  side — which  lasted  from 
about  two  p.  M.  to  five.  Captain  Smith,  who  has 
charge  of  her  Britannic  majesty's  forces  here,  de- 
manded the  release  of  Mr.  Stanton  from  the  Portu- 
guese governor,  on  whose  territory — understood  to 
be  neutral  ground,  and  where  the  English  would  be 
protected — he  had  been  seized.  The  authorities  of 
the  place  immediately  applied  to  the  To  Tae,  the 
officer  appointed  by  the  Chinese  to  conduct  business 
with  the  Portuguese ;  and  the  To  Tae  proceeded  in 
person  to  Canton,  to  intercede  for  Mr.  Stanton. 
Two  days  ago  he  returned,  not  only  without  effect- 
ing his  object,  but  with  a  reinforcement  of  soldiers, 


200  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

for  the  express  purpose  of  seizing  all  the  English 
they  could.  Upon  the  best  authority,  it  was  ascer- 
tained that  some  thousands  of  soldiers  were  to  be 
here  soon,  with  a  high  Chinese  military  officer  at 
their  head,  to  aid  in  seizing  and  fighting  the  English. 
Captain  S:nith  had  an  interview  with  the  governor 
last  evening,  and  the  latter  promised  that  he  would 
not  interfere,  should  Capt.  S.  attack  the  soldiers  at 
the  barrier  and  in  the  adjacent  temple.  Two  sloops 
anchored  at  less  than  half  a  mile  from  the  place,  and 
opened  their  batteries  upon  the  fort  at  the  barrier. 
The  fire  was  returned  for  a  short  time  and  then 
ceased.  At  about  three  or  half-past  three  o'clock 
the  troops  landed — probably  two  hundred  and  fifty 
or  three  hundred  of  them — and  after  firing  several 
volleys  from  a  field-piece,  which  was  scarcely  an- 
swered, they  proceeded  to  the  barrier ;  and  finding 
none  or  very  few  Chinese  there,  immediately  took 
possession  of  it  and  kept  up  a  sharp  fire  for  a  while, 
apparently  upon  the  war  junks  near.  There  was  a 
great  deal  of  firing  upon  the  temple  and  the  war 
junks,  although  both  were  almost  entirely  protected 
by  an  intervening  hill.  The  people  and  soldiers  ran 
in  almost  every  direction,  scarcely  oflfering  any 
resistance.  The  Chinese  say  that  they  were  not 
prepared  to  fight,  their  powder  being  in  another 
place,  and  their  officers  being  greatly  alarmed.  Af- 
ter burning  the  lodgings  at  the  barrier,  and  blowing 
up  some  of  the  buildings,  the  troops  re-embarked. 
The  greatest  confusion  prevailed  among  the  Chinese. 
They  made  off*  as  fast  as  possible  from  the  neighbor- 
ing villages,  carrying  their  valuable  articles  with 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  $01 

them.  The  cries  of  the  women  and  children,  and 
their  attempts  to  flee,  were  distressing.  Oh,  the  hor- 
rors of  war !  We  w^ere  on  a  neighboring  hill,  and 
had  a  good  view  of  the  engagement. 

*'  August  20. — This  afternoon  we  walked  out  to 
the  scene  of  conflict.  Never  have  the  Chinese  ap- 
peared so  civil,  indeed,  so  deferential.  We  passed 
through  the  barrier  on  ground  seldom  trodden  by- 
European  or  American  feet,  meeting  with  no  resist- 
ance— not  a  soldier  to  be  seen.  The  uniform  testi- 
mony of  the  Chinese  is,  that  not  more  than  six  were 
killed.  The  authority  is  too  good  to  be  questioned : 
our  own  friends  and  servants  living  near  the  spot, 
aflfirming  the  same.  The  reason  is  obvious.  They 
soon  fled  from  the  bamer,  where  they  were  screened 
by  battlements  of  sand,  which  no  ball  could  pene- 
trate :  and  the  temple,  and  the  junks,  and  the  shore 
on  the  inner  harbor  were  nearly  all  protected  by  a 
central  swell  of  land  extending  over  almost  all  the 
space  at  which  they  directed  their  fires.  The  tem- 
ple was  hit  in  only  one  or  two  places  ;  but  the 
buildings  at  the  barrier  were  nearly  demolished. 
Five  or  seven-and-twenty  guns  (I  have  forgotten 
which)  were  spiked — seventeen  of  them  command- 
ing the  ships  ;  but  as  they  were  not  on  wheels  so  as 
to  be  drawn  behind  the  banks  of  sand,  the  soldiers 
preferred  running  to  exposing  themselves  to  the  fire 
of  the  ships. 

"  A  letter  from  Canton,  about  our  dear  brother 

Stanton,  states  that  while  he  has  enough  to  eat  and 

clothes  to  wear,  he  complains  much  of  the  noise. 

We  fear  from  this,  he  is  in  apartments  in  the  com- 

9* 


202  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

men  prison,  and  that  these  are  the  noises  of  the  poor 
depraved  prisoners." 

"September  10. — For  two  or  three  weeks,  or  per- 
haps more,  there  has  been  a  very  perceptible  change 
in  the  weather.  The  nights  have  been  cooler,  and 
no  part  of  the  day  quite  so  hot  as  before.  It  is  still 
very  warm,  especially  when  there  is  little  or  no 
wind,  which  has  been  the  case  lately.  The  atmos- 
phere is  hazy,  having  the  appearance  of  Indian  sum- 
mer in  America. 

"All  quiet.  No  news  from  our  captive  friend. 
None  from  the  north." 

"  October  23. — We  hear  to-day,  through  a  Catho- 
lic priest,  that  an  Italian  missionary  had  been  put  to 
death  by  the  express  command  of  the  Emperor.  The 
one  they  have  in  prison  at  Canton  has  been  cruelly 
treated.     Of  Stanton  we  hear  nothing." 

^'December  12. — This  evening,  our  beloved  friend 
and  brother  Stanton  was  restored  to  us.  Thanks  to 
Him  who  ruleth  in  the  heavens." 

These  last  entries  conclude  Mr.  Abeel's  journal 
in  reference  to  the  opium  war.  It  was  not  brought 
to  an  end  until  months  after  this  date ;  but  he  was 
called  to  leave  the  scene  of  excitement,  and  perform 
a  missionary  tour  to  the  different  islands  of  the 
Eastern  Archipelago.  His  journals  and  letters, 
however,  allude  to  its  termination,  and  describe  the 
important  consequences  arising  from  it — conse- 
quences which  operated  in  deciding  the  future  posi- 
tion of  the  missionary,  and  greatly  increasing  his 
usefulness. 

We  see  but  few  remarks  of  a  strictly  religious 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  203 

nature  in  the  journal,  as  it  is  purely  historical  in  its 
character.  But  we  have  a  full  record  of  his  spiritual 
exercises  during  this  time  ;  and  one  point  is  remark- 
able, that  amidst  all  the  tumults,  excitements,  and 
changes  connected  with  and  arising  from  these  hos- 
tilities, he  was  undisturbed  in  his  religious  feelings. 
His  communion  with  God  was  as  calm  as  though 
every  external  event  was  propitious.  He  had  striven 
long  and  prayerfully  to  acquire  the  ability  to  live 
above  the  influence  of  temporal  changes ;  and  in 
some  degree,  and,  it  would  seem  in  a  great  degree, 
he  had  succeeded.  One  would  scarcely  judge  of  his 
position,  as  being  in  the  midst  of  all  the  excitement 
and  uncertainty  of  war,  by  reading  the  accounts  of 
his  feelings  as  described  at  this  time  in  his  diary. 
His  uninterrupted  and  quiet  enjoyment,  is  a  beauti- 
ful exemplification  of  the  precious  elevating  influ- 
ence which  faith  exerts  in  the  soul ;  leading  man  to 
live  as  seeing  Him  who  is  invisible,  and  to  realize 
the  strength  of  the  Almighty  arm  on  which  he 
leans. 


CHAPTER  X. 

According  to  previous  arrangement,  and  in  pur- 
suance of  the  advice  of  the  American  Board  of 
Missions,  Mr.  Abeel  prepared  to  visit  the  different 
islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  He  designed 
especially  to  examine  the  field  at  Borneo,  where  the 
denomination  with  which  he  was  connected  had 
established  missionary  stations.  As  the  difficulties 
between  Great  Britain  and  China  had  not  yet  termi- 
nated, a  favorable  opportunity  was  afforded  him  to 
engage  in  this  service  without  injury  to  the  interests 
of  the  field  he  had  left.  In  company  with  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Brown,  who  had  been  laboring  with  him  in  the 
Chinese  mission,  he  sailed  for  Singapore,  where  he 
arrived  the  last  of  April,  1841. 

During  the  voyage,  he  found  the  usual  delight 
and  enjoyment  in  the  solitude  and  silence  of  the 
ocean.  These  seasons  of  rest  not  only  strengthened 
his  physical  powers,  but  also  quickened  his  spiritual 
graces,  by  the  undisturbed  opportunities  for  reflec- 
tion and  devotion  thus  afforded.     He  writes : — 

*'  This  is  the  third  Sabbath  we  have  spent  at  sea 
on  the  way  to  Singapore.  The  change  has  been 
profitable  to  me,  for  I  enjoy  the  sea,  when  I  can- 
have  a  place  to  myself     I  love  to  trace  the  constel- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID  >BEEL.  205 

lations,  and  have  the  mind  expanded  by  the  magnifi- 
cence of  Jehovah's  vsrorks.  What  conceptions  are 
we  thus  enabled  to  obtain  of  the  character  of  our 
God  and  Savior  !  My  faith  is  sometimes  staggered, 
but  why  should  it  be  ?  His  love  is  equal  to  His 
power.  The  more  I  am  overwhelmed  with  His  glo- 
rious majesty,  the  more  ought  I  to  be  satisfied  with 
His  infinite  love." 

At  Singapore,  Mr.  Abeel  found  a  home  in  the 
house  of  Mr.  Keasbury,  one  of  his  own  spiritual 
children,  and  a  missionary  of  the  London  society. 
He  remained  here,  (with  the  exception  of  one  month 
spent  at  Malacca)  until  September.  He  preached 
the  Gospel  at  Singapore  during  his  visit,  every  Sab- 
bath, both  in  the  Chinese  and  English  languages. 
He  was  invited  to  occupy  the  pulpit  of  the  Eng- 
lish Chapel,  which  was  then  without  a  regular 
preacher ;  and  performed  all  the  duties  acceptably 
and  usefully.  In  this  place,  it  will  be  remembered, 
he  had  in  former  days  been  very  successful  in  win- 
ning souls ;  and  now  the  people  were  ready  and 
anxious  to  hear  the  word  of  life  again  from  his  lips. 
If  we  may  judge  of  the  character  of  his  public  ser- 
vices by  his  personal  experience  at  this  time,  we 
may  suppose  that  he  was  deeply  spiritual  in  his 
preaching  ;  for  we  have  records  in  his  diary,  of  sea- 
sons of  peculiar  enjoyment  and  engagedness  in  the 
Master's  service.  He  surely  must  have  communi- 
cated some  of  these  feelings  to  those  to  whom  he 
preached  Jesus.     He  writes, — 

^'  July  25, — A  day  of  spiritual  life.  For  more 
than  a  week  I  have  been  dwelling  on  the  inexhausti- 


206  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

ble  1st  chapter  of  Ephesians,  particularly  the  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  verses.  How  near  it  brings  God  to 
the  soul,  to  think,  that  before  the  foundation  of  the 
world  He  had  us  in  His  unchangeable  purposes  pre- 
destinated unto  the  adoption  of  children  by  Jesus 
Christ  unto  Himself;  and  that  all  the  spiritual  bless- 
ings we  now  enjoy,  are  in  accordance  with  this  de- 
cree. Oh,  how  holy  and  blameless  should  I  be  be- 
fore Him  in  love.  To-day  I  have  been  sitting  at  the 
feet  of  the  heavenly-minded  Fletcher,  hearing  his 
last  words,  and  attending  his  death-bed.  How  glo- 
rious heaven  appeared." 

'^August  1. — A  week  of  more  than  ordinary  spir- 
ituality. To-day,  though  tried  by  feelings  of  bodily 
discomfort,  I  was  mercifully  assisted  in  preaching 
the  everlasting  Gospel  to  a  large  and  attentive  audi- 
ence. 

'*  August  15. — Have  been  struggling  for  more  hfe. 
I  long  to  get  up  to  the  height  which  Fletcher  calls 
a  trifling  acquisition  ;  '  so  to  hang  upon  God  by 
faith,  as  to  feel  no  departure  from  him,  and  no  ris- 
ing in  the  heart  against  him.'  Of  the  latter,  I  am 
not  sensible  ;  but  if  insensibility  is  wandering,  I  can- 
not speak  thus  of  the  former." 

"  Septemhei^  12. — There  is  a  life,  which,  like  some 
of  the  richest  mines,  lies  far  beneath.  It  is  delight- 
ful to  be  in  a  lively  and  spiritual  frame  of  mind ;  but 
it  is  important  to  know  that  the  work  of  grace  can 
go  on  with  great  power  when  we  '  walk  in  darkness 
and  see  no  light,'  or  when  '  the  fig-tree  does  not  blos- 
som ;'  or  even  when  it  appears  as  though  God  means 
to  slay  us.     Submission  to  the  divine  will — humbling 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  207 

the  soul  before  God — laboring  to  subjugate  all  its 
evil  thoughts  and  feelings — striving  to  cultivate  holy 
tenipers  and  affections,  such  as  forgiveness,  forbear- 
ance, fervent  love  to  others,  disinterested  and  ex- 
pansive kindness  to  all,  and  every  mode  of  self- 
denial  which  can  withdraw^  the  soul  from  sensible 
objects,  lay  it  low  in  the  dust,  and  make  Christ  all 
and  in  all  in  its  estimation — are  far  more  conducive 
to  sanctification,  than  a  more  joyous  frame  of  mind, 
or  a  longing  after  the  '  rest  that  remaineth.'  While 
the  Spirit  is  purging  the  corruptions  or  restoring  the 
disorder  of  the  heart,  there  cannot  be  uniform  happi- 
ness. Faith  in  an  Almighty,  all-sufficient  Savior, 
will  keep  the  soul  in  peace ;  but  the  struggle  at 
times  will  be  severe,  and  the  power  of  the  enemy 
within,  will  take  away  comfort  if  it  cannot  hope. 
God  too  will  at  times  withdraw  a  lively  sense  of  his 
presence,  that  he  may  teach  us  our  total  dependence 
and  other  important  lessons.  At  least  such  are  His 
usual  dealings  until  the  worst  enemies  are  subdued, 
and  there  is  a  good  degree  of  conformity  to  the  will 
of  Christ." 

In  October,  Mr.  Abeel  visited  his  brethren  at 
Borneo.  His  heart  was  greatly  encouraged  and 
refreshed  at  beholding  laborers  from  his  own  land 
and  of  his  own  denomination,  who  were  striving  to 
fight  against  and  overcome  every  difficulty  which 
met  them  in  their  peculiarly  arduous  field,  and  to 
plant  the  standard  of  the  cross  on  this  benighted 
island.  In  letters  written  to  the  United  States  at 
this  time,  he  alludes  to  this  visit,  and  to  the  work 
in  which  these  brethren  were  engaged. 


208  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  PoNTiANAK,  Borneo,  Oct.  20,  1841. 
*'  I  commence  this  letter  as  you  perceive,  on  this 
most  benighted  island.  It  has  been  a  great  gratifi- 
cation to  spend  nearly  a  fortnight  with  the  beloved 
brethren  here.  I  did  not  anticipate  leaving  them 
so  soon,  but  I  find  myself  affected  by  the  climate, 
and  there  is  no  certainty  when  another  ship  will  go 
to  Singapore.  I  came  first  to  Sambas,  where  Bro- 
ther Doty  spent  a  long  time.  I  knew  before  leaving 
Singapore  that  he  had  gone  to  Pontianak,  but  as  no 
vessel  offered  for  that  port,  I  took  this  opportunity, 
knowing  that  the  places  were  not  far  distant,  and 
there  must  be  constant  communication  between 
them.  We  were  most  kindly  received  and  hospi- 
tably entertained  by  the  acting  president,  who  sent 
us  in  a  government  prow  to  Pontianak.  Borneo  is 
quite  a  new  scene,  a  place  suited  to  the  character 
of  the  men  who  inhabit  it.  At  the  Dutch  stations 
there  is  some  appearance  of  civilization,  but  other 
parts  are  wild  indeed.  With  the  exception  of  Mrs. 
Youngblood,  who  feels  the  effects  of  the  climate, 
they  are  all  in  good  health.  The  field  is  very  dif- 
ferent from  China.  The  inhabitants,  I  mean  the 
Aborigines,  are  almost  as  degraded  as  their  nature 
will  admit  of;  they  are  not  numerous,  and  do  not 
live  in  compact  towns.  Where  the  missionaries 
now  are  there  are  no  Dyaks.  They  have  a  Chinese 
and  a  Malay  school,  but  hope,  when  their  number  is 
increased,  to  give  their  principal  attention  to  the 
Dyaks,  who  reside  farther  in  the  interior.  Their 
own  journals  in  the  Missionary  Herald  will  give 
you   the   best  information  respecting   the  country 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  209 

and  its  inhabitants.  I  wish  they  had  a  couple  of 
well  educated  young  physicians,  to  go  with  them 
when  they  feel  strong  enough  to  take  up  their  line 
of  march  in  the  interior." 

"Singapore,  Nov.  3,  1841. 

"  I  have  just  returned  from  a  visit  to  Borneo. 
Myself  and  a  young  brother  missionary  took  pas- 
sage in  a  native  vessel,  commanded  and  sailed  by 
Bugis  and  Malays,  and  went  first  to  Sambas,  one  of 
the  Dutch  settlements,  and  thence  to  Pontianak,  the 
station  of  our  missionaries.  Much  of  this  island 
has  the  appearance  of  extreme  wildness.  As  we 
passed  up  and  down  the  large  rivers,  it  scarcely 
seemed,  a  part  of  the  way,  as  if  any  human  being 
had  preceded  us.  The  jungle  encroached  upon  the 
banks  of  the  rivers ;  and,  but  for  the  sparseness  of 
the  forest  trees  in  some  places,  we  should  have  had 
no  evidence  of  the  presence  of  man.  We  were 
greatly  amused  and  entertained,  at  the  number  and 
variety  of  monkeys,  and  especially  at  their  adven- 
turous gambols.  The  Dutchmen  treated  us  with 
great  kindness,  and  after  entertaining  us  several 
days  at  Sambas,  sent  us  in  a  government  boat  to 
Pontianak.  The  coast  is  so  infested  with  pirates, 
that  it  is  not  safe  to  venture  in  an  unarmed  vessel. 
The  most  numerous  of  these  pirates  are  in  pursuit 
of  human  heads.  They  go  forth  sometimes  by 
thousands,  and  woe  to  all  who  are  not  prepared  to 
resist  them.  A  Dutch  schooner  of  war  had  an  en- 
counter with  a  large  fleet  of  their  prows  just  before 
our  arrival ;    and  by  the  aid    of   a  well-managed 


210  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

eighteen-pounder,  destroyed  several  of  them,  and 
put  the  rest  to  flight.  You  can  easily  fancy  my 
pleasure  in  meeting  a  number  of  my  old  friends  in 
this  distant,  desolate  island.  One  of  the  families 
had  left  the  place  a  few  months  before,  on  account 
of  the  illness  of  Mrs.  Nevius ;  but  all  the  rest  were 
well  and  happy.  Perhaps  I  should  except  Mrs. 
Youngblood,  whose  health  is  not  as  good  as  we 
could  wish.  Borneo  has  every  appearance  of  a 
missionary  field.  It  would  soon  prove  fatal  to  all 
missionary  romance.  The  missionaries  are  hoping 
.soon  to  advance  in  the  interior,  and  fix  themselves 
among  the  Dyaks.  I  visited  one  of  their  villages. 
They  certainly  need  all  our  help  to  raise  them  from 
their  extreme  degradation,  and  restore  to  them  the 
consciousness  of  their  rational  and  immortal  nature. 
Let  us  always  remember  those  self-denying  laborers, 
who  have  cheerfully  attempted  such  a  work  of  faith, 
and  patience,  and  extreme  toil.  I  very  soon  found 
that  the  low,  damp  soil  of  Pontianak  would  not  suit 
my  delicate  lungs  ;  and  having  fulfilled  my  en'and, 
I  took  passage  in  a  Bujis  prow,  and  returned  to  this 
place." 

After  remaining  for  a  short  time  at  Singapore  on 
his  return  from  Borneo,  he  embarked  for  Macao, 
which  place  he  reached  on  the  21st  day  of  Decem- 
ber, after  having  been  absent  nine  months. 

Under  date  of  January  1st,  he  reviews  his  labors 
and  the  course  of  events  during  the  past  year. 

*'  The  greater  part  of  the  past  year  was  spent  in 
other  places ;  visiting  Singapore,  Malacca,  and  Bor- 
neo.    I  have  suffered  in  health,  and  realized  that 


MEMOIR    OP    DAVID    ABEEL.  211 

life  was  very  uncertain.  The  blessed  Spirit  has,  I 
trust,  been  carrying  on  his  work,  but  I  am  distressed 
to  find  how  much  remains  to  be  done.  I  want  my 
inmost  soul  regulated  by  the  spirit  of  holiness. 

*  Jesus,  if  mine  indeed  thou  art, 
Give  me  Thy  meek  and  lowly  mind, 
And  stamp  Thine  image  on  my  heart.' — 

The  circular  issued  by  the  missionaries  at  China 
will  show  what  events  had  occurred  during  Mr. 
Abeel's  absence.  It  is  inserted  because  it  continues 
the  history  of  the  mission — affords  an  interesting 
view  of  affairs — and  expresses  the  anticipations  of 
the  brethren  concerning  the  results  of  the  war, 
founded  on  the  promises  of  Divine  revelation,  which 
were  afterwards  partially  realized. 

"Macao,  January  1,  1842. 

"  The  near  approach  of  the  appointed  time  for 
the  promulgation  of  the  Gospel  in  China,  we  think, 
was  never  so  clearly  indicated  by  the  signs  of  the 
times  as  at  present.  We  seem  to  be  on  the  eve  of 
a  new  era,  when  the  barrier  against  ingress  to  this 
empire  must  fall.  Those  who  have  ruled  here  for 
near  two  centuries,  and  who  always  have  been 
more  or  less  inimical  to  the  religion  of  Jesus,  must 
soon  either  grant  free  intercourse,  or  allow  the  reins 
of  government  to  be  wrested  from  their  hands.  Af- 
ter the  violent  rupture  in  March  1839,  conciliatory 
measures  were  pursued  toward  this  government  for 
a  long  time,  but  without  any  good  results.  Settle 
the  existing  difficulties  on  any  just  principles,  this 


212  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

government  would  not.  If,  as  some  think,  her  Bri- 
tannic majesty's  plenipotentiaries  erred  on  the  score 
of  pliancy,  by  receding  too  far  from  the  high  ground 
which  they  had  a  right  to  take,  yet  certain  it  is, 
that  by  their  so  doing,  the  very  worst  features  of 
the  Chinese  government  were  more  fully  developed. 
After  many  months  had  been  occupied  in  vain  at- 
tempts to  negotiate,  it  became  clear  to  every  ob- 
server, that,  in  order  to  lay  the  foundation  for  free 
and  friendly  intercourse  with  this  nation,  on  safe 
and  honorable  terms,  such  as  are  recognized  by  all 
civilized  states,  recourse  must  be  had  to  restraint 
and  coercion. 

"  Regarding  the  character  of  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment, wrong  opinions  are  entertained  by  many,  if 
not  by  most  people,  who  view  the  constitution  and 
laws  as  being  equitable  in  their  character,  and  mild 
in  their  operation.  They  are  so  indeed,  as  far, 
doubtless,  as  those  of  any  pagan  nation  ever  were. 
Still  in  many  respects  they  are  unjust  in  the  letter 
and  cruel  in  their  action.  It  was  the  opinion  of 
Dr.  Morrison  that  no  man  could  hold  office  under 
this  government,  and  conform  to  its  rules  and  cus- 
toms, and  at  the  same  time  live  in  obedience  to  the 
doctrines  and  precepts  of  the  Bible.  According  to 
the  penal  code  of  the  Chinese,  the  profession  and 
practice  of  Christianity  are  capital  crimes ;  and  it 
is  scarcely  a  twelvemonth  since  an  European  mis- 
sionary suffered  the  penalty  of  this  law.  The  for- 
eigner, however  peaceful  and  well  disposed,  may 
not  go  into  the  interior  of  the  empire.  The  native, 
too,  without  even  the  shadow  of  guilt,  may  be,  and 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  213 

not  unfrequently  is  involved  by  the  evil  doings  of 
others.  High  officers  of  state  are  made  responsible 
for  events,  over  which  it  is  impossible  for  them  to 
exercise  any  control.  The  degradation  of  Lin, 
Keshen,  and  others,  are  instances  of  the  unjust  and 
cruel  bearing  of  the  Chinese  policy ;  and  the  self- 
immolation  of  Yakien  and  several  others  during  the 
present  war,  are  melancholy  proofs  of  the  same. 
So  averse  is  this  policy  to  any  amicable  arrange- 
ment w^ith  foreigners,  that  the  Emperor  has  threat- 
ened with  the  utmost  severity  of  the  laws  any  and 
all  who  may  presume  to  propose  terms  of  reconciU- 
ation  with  the  '  rebellious  barbarians.' 

"  Such  being  the  character  of  the  Chinese  gov- 
ernment, and  all  attempts  made  by  the  late  pleni- 
potentiaries having  failed,  a  change  of  policy,  and 
the  appointment  of  a  new  representative  on  the  part 
of  the  British  crown,  w^ith  a  view  to  meet  and  over- 
come the  existing  difficulties,  were  no  matter  of 
surprise.  Sir  Henry  Pottinger,  her  Britannic  maj- 
esty's plenipotentiary,  arrived  in  China  on  the  10th 
of  August,  and  landed  next  day  at  Macao. 

"  Our  former  letters  will  have  made  you  ac- 
quainted with  public  occurrences  here  down  to  the 
10th  of  July  last.  On  the  21st  and  26th  of  that 
month,  this  part  of  the  empire  was  visited  by  two  of 
those  awful  hurricanes  called  tyfoons,  which  make 
such  dreadful  devastation  wherever  they  move  on 
sea  or  land.  On  both  the  occasions  no  inconsider- 
able damage  was  sustained  by  the  foreign  shipping, 
and  her  Britannic  majesty's  plenipotentiaries  hardly 
escaped  with   their   lives  from    shipwreck.     Great 


214  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

numbers  of  Chinese  perished,  and  their  losses  were 
many  times  greater  than  those  of  the  English.  Yet, 
strange  to  say,  the  Emperor  and  his  court  consider 
these  storms  as  divine  judgments  sent  by  the  gods 
to  punish  the  barbarians. 

"  Sir  Henry  Pottinger  having  remained  ten  days 
at  Macao,  repaired  to  Hong-Kong,  and  there  joined 
the  expedition,  ready  to  proceed  northward.  On 
the  25th  of  August  the  forces  reached  Amoy.  The 
next  day  its  fortifications  were  destroyed  and  the 
city  taken,  but  not  without  severe  losses  on  the  part 
of  the  Chinese. 

"  The  northward  movement  of  the  ships  was  so 
impeded  by  adverse  winds,  that  Tinghai  was  not 
taken  till  the  1st  of  October.  Chinghai,  on  the 
main,  with  all  its  defences,  fell  on  the  10th,  and 
Ningpo  on  the  13th  of  the  same  month.  At  Ting- 
hai and  Chinghai,  as  well  as  at  Amoy,  the  Chinese 
made  great  resistance,  and  suffered  severe  losses, 
all  their  forts  and  ships  being  destroyed,  and  large 
numbers  of  their  troops  left  dead  on  the  field.  The 
number  of  killed  during  the  year  is  probably  not 
less  than  four  thousand. 

"  You  will  be  anxious  no  doubt  to  learn  what  has 
been  the  effect  of  all  these  operations.  They  have 
shown  the  Chinese  the  superior  skill  and  power  of 
the  foreigner,  have  filled  multitudes  of  the  people 
with  distress  and  consternation,  and  excited  the 
wrath  of  the  Emperor  and  his  advisers.  At  the 
same  breath  the  Son  of  Heaven  reproaches  his  high 
officers  for  their  weakness,  and  the  invaders  for 
their  temerity.     Two  sovereigns,  he  says,  cannot 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  215 

Stand  together  under  the  same  firmament.  The  de- 
cree for  extermination  has  gone  forth,  and  the  forces 
are  rallying  at  all  points,  determined  to  contend 
unto  the  uttermost.  Aware  of  this,  large  accessions 
of  strength  will  soon  be  made  to  the  invading  forces : 
and  by  midsummer,  we  expect  that  Sir  Henry  Pot- 
tinger,  her  Britannic  majesty's  '  minister  extraordi- 
nary to  the  court  of  Peking,'  will  be  at  the  capital. 
Once  there,  he  must  either  receive  overtures  of 
peace,  or  enter  the  court  and  become  dictator.  The 
reigning  dynasty  must  yield,  or  perish  in  the  strug- 
gle to  maintain  its  supremacy.  Possibly  this  strug- 
gle may  be  prolonged  for  years  ;  but  whether  it  be 
long  or  short,  we  feel  certain  that  it  will  eventually 
introduce  a  new  and  better  order  of  things. 

"  Hence  we  have  drawn  the  cheering  conclusion, 
that  the  acceptable  year  of  the  Lord — the  set  time 
to  favor  the  land  of  Sinim — is  at  hand.  In  either 
case,  whether  the  Emperor  yield  or  resist,  toleration 
must  be  obtained.  God  has  often  made  use  of  the 
strong  arm  of  civil  power  to  prepare  the  way  for 
his  own  kingdom,  that  kingdom  which  is  righteous- 
ness and  peace,  which  cometh  not  with  observation, 
and  is  not  of  this  world.  Of  this  there  are  many 
instances  :  a  very  recent  one  is  afforded  in  Western 
Asia.  There  the  power  of  the  false  prophet  claimed 
supremacy,  and  the  worshipper  of  Immanuel  was 
stigmatized  as  a  dog.  But  political  revolutions, 
without  any  reference  to  creeds,  have  there  entirely 
changed  the  aspect  of  the  religious  world.  Since 
the  termination  of  the  hostile  operations  in  the 
Mediterranean  last  vear,  a  firman  has  been  issued 


216  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

by  the  Sublime  Porte  of  Constantinople,  scarcely 
less  favorable  to  the  interests  of  true  religion,  than 
was  the  decree  of  Cyrus,  when  he  gave  to  the  chil- 
dren of  the  captivity  permission  to  go  back  to  their 
own  land,  and  there  rebuild  the  temple  and  revive 
the  worship  of  Jehovah. 

"  In  China  we  see  a  supremacy  no  less  lofty  and 
unjust  in  its  pretensions,  not  only  taking  inalienable 
rights  from  man,  but  presumptuously  encroaching 
on  Jehovah's  prerogatives,  attempting  to  abrogate 
his  laws,  and  stigmatizing  the  religion  of  Jesus 
Christ  as  base  and  wicked.  This  supremacy  is,  we 
think,  about  to  be  broken  down,  and  so  much  tolera- 
tion and  protection  granted,  that  every  man  may 
worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own 
conscience. 

"  In  view  of  such  prospects,  we  know  that  you 
and  all  our  Christian  friends,  will  anxiously  with  us, 
watch  the  progress  of  events  and  each  opening 
scene.  Amid  the  distresses  aiid  perplexities  which 
have  overtaken  the  inhabitants  of  this  land — by  the 
introduction  of  opium,  by  the  continuance  of  war, 
by  inundations,  by  divisions  of  councils,  by  the 
tumults  of  the  people — God  is  evidently  carrying  on 
His  own  great  designs ;  and  in  wrath  He  will  remem- 
ber mercy,  bring  order  out  of  confusion,  good  out 
of  evil,  and  make  even  man's  wickedness  promo- 
tive of  the  Divine  glory.  His  promises  are  sure, 
none  can  stay  His  hand  ;  the  heathen  shall  be  given 
to  His  Son,  and  all  the  ends  of  the  earth  praise  Him 
as  Lord  of  all.     China  and  Japan  are  included  in 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  217 

the  Divine  promises,  and  ere  long  will  both  be  visited 
with  the  day-spring  from  on  high. 

"  The  prospect  of  soon  having  access  to  400,000,- 
000  of  souls,  or  even  to  any  considerable  part  of 
this  number,  ought  to  stimulate  every  true  believer 
in  Jesus,  to  awake  to  righteousness,  to  put  on 
strength,  and  to  come  up  to  the  Lord's  help  against 
the  mighty.  How  great  is  the  work  here  to  be  ac- 
complished !  How  few  are  the  means  now  in  op- 
eration ! 

"  In  our  religious  services — social  and  public — 
the  interest  hitherto  manifested  has  been  continued. 
But,  confined  and  restricted  as  we  long  have  been, 
we  ardently  desire  to  enlarge  our  operations,  to  in- 
crease our  labors,  and  to  extend  widely  the  influ- 
ences of  that  holy  religion,  for  the  propagation  of 
which  we  have  devoted  our  lives.  We  hope  the 
great  and  dreadful  evils  which  now  affect  this  na- 
tion will  soon  be  checked.  It  is  painful  to  see  thou- 
sands of  our  fellow-men  cut  down  by  the  sword — 
tens  of  thousands  reduced  to  beggary  and  death  by 
an  insidious  poison — and  hundreds  of  millions  going 
mad  after  their  dumb  idols.  It  is  impossible  to  dwell 
long  on  such  scenes  without  deep  emotion.  But 
who  can  interpose?  Who  is  able  to  hush  these 
contending  hosts  and  give  peace  ?  Who  can  stay 
this  flood  of  poison,  and  bring  in  the  waters  of  life  ? 
Who  can  cast  down  all  these  idols  of  wood  and 
stone,  and  convert  these  millions  of  immortal  beings 
to  the  worship  of  the  living  and  true  God  ?  Awake, 
put  on  thy  strength,  Oh  arm  of  the  Lord  !  Awake ! 
For  art  not  thou  it,  that  shall  wound  the  dragon  ? 
10 


218  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  Brethren  pray  for  us — pray  for  China — pray 
that  God  will  turn  away  His  wrath,  avert  these 
evils,  and  save  the  people  through  the  influences  of 
the  glorious  Gospel  of  His  dear  Son." 

At  his  return,  Mr.  Abeel  prepared  to  visit  Ko- 
jongsoo  and  examine  its  fitness  as  a  missionary  sta- 
tion. This  was  one  of  the  ports  in  possession  of 
the  British,  and  afterwards  opened  to  foreigners  by 
the  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  China.  He 
thus  records  his  impressions  of  the  place  : — 

"  March  6. — Several  Sabbaths  were  spent  at  sea 
in  the  passage  to  this  place.  More  than  a  week 
has  elapsed  since  our  arrival.  I  have  reason  to 
thank  God  for  bringing  me  to  this  place.  It  ap- 
pears like  an  excellent  opening  for  missionary  labor. 
It  is  the  very  sphere  I  have  desired  and  prayed  for 
many  years.  This  appears  more  like  the  beginning 
of  missionary  work  in  China,  than  anything  I  have 
yet  seen.  Now  I  feel  my  need  of  grace  to  improve 
the  opportunity — I  desire  to  look  up  for  direction 
and  assistance." 

It  was  concluded  to  settle  at  this  point  perma- 
nently, as  affording  a  most  favorable  locality  for 
missionary  operations.  Accordingly,  in  his  next 
letter  to  the  United  States,  he  notices  the  fact  of 
his  settlement,  and  his  delight  at  being  permitted  in 
the  providence  of  God  to  occupy  this  new  field. 

"  Amoy,  March  1st.,  1842. 

"  From  the  letters  which  I  left  at  Macao,  to  be 
sent  by  the  first  opportunity,  you  knew  my  inten- 
tion to  visit  this  place.     It  is  the  answer  to  many 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  219 

prayers,  and  the  partial  consummation  of  some  of 
my  most  cheering  hopes.  Mr.  Boone  and  myself 
left  Macao  on  the  2nd  ult.,  and  Hong-Kong  on  the 
7th.  We  were  seventeen  days  beating  up  the  coast, 
with  the  exception  of  a  day  or  two  at  anchor  at  one 
of  the  opium  depots.  The  opium  smugglers  have 
taken  possession  of  a  small  island  on  the  coast, 
where  they  go  on  shore  every  day  for  recreation 
and  amusement.  They  have  formed  roads,  and 
purchased  horses,  and  take  their  morning  and  af- 
ternoon exercise,  although  they  prefer  living  in  their 
ships.  We  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  smug- 
gling of  this  pernicious  drug  into  the  empire  is  at- 
tended with  the  loss,  and  often  reckless  destruction 
of  life.  It  is  doing  incalculable  injury  to  the  nation. 
"  On  our  arrival  at  this  place,  we  went  immediately 
to  the  commandant  of  the  station,  to  whom  we  had  a 
letter  from  Sir  Henry  Pottinger,  the  English  pleni- 
potentiary, and  whose  wife  is  a  pious  lady  and  an 
acquaintance  of  Mr.  Boone.  We  were  most  kindly 
received  both  by  Major  Cowper  and  his  excellent 
lady,  and  have  had  every  attention  showed  us. 
There  is  a  multiplicity  of  empty  houses  on  the  island 
which  Major  C.  took  us  around  to  see,  and  among 
which  he  allowed  us  to  select  a  residence.  The 
English  have  taken  possession  of  a  small  island 
called  Kolongsoo,  separated  from  the  city  of  Amoy 
by  a  strip  of  water  probably  less  than  half  a  mile 
wide.  It  is  on  this  island  that  we  have  taken  up  our 
residence.  It  was  thought  safest  for  us  to  live  within 
the  line  of  the  sentries  ;  and  accordingly  we  are 
guarded  every  night,  and  cannot  stir  out  ourselves 


220  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

after  eight  o'clock,  without  knowing  the  watch-word. 
It  is  sad  to  see  the  destruction  of  the  houses  and  fur- 
niture, since  the  place  was  taken.  The  English 
scarcely  injured  the  place  at  all ;  but  the  unprinci- 
pled part  of  the  native  population  have  turned  parts 
of  it  into  a  ruin  since.  We  had  not  a  door,  nor  a 
wundow-shutter,  nor  a  whole  floor  when  we  selected 
our  house.  Some  of  this  destruction,  however,  must 
be  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  Bengalee  camp  followers  ; 
who  tear  the  houses  to  pieces,  merely  to  get  the  wood 
for  burning.  As  soon  as  we  made  choice  of  a  house, 
we  called  in  carpenters  and  masons,  and  have  been 
most  busily  occupied  ever  since,  in  directing  and 
overlooking  them.  The  ship  in  which  we  came 
went  away  quickly,  and  left  us  with  no  other  quar- 
ters. No  one  here  has  accommodations  for  a  guest. 
The  first  day  we  had  the  house  cleaned,  the  brick 
floor  repaired,  and  the  front  door  made.  Then  came 
the  Sabbath,  and  a  pleasant  one  it  was,  in  the  qui- 
etude of  our  own  dwelling.  Monday  morning  we 
had  window-shutters  made,  and  bought  a  few  chairs 
and  a  table,  which  were  very  good  substitutes  for 
our  old  boxes.  To-day  is  Tuesday,  and  improve- 
ments are  rapidly  going  on.  I  bought  a  Chinese 
bedstead  of  a  soldier  on  Saturday.  Our  food  is 
bought  ready  cooked  at  Amoy,  and  it  tastes  quite  as 
well  as  if  done  by  European  cooks.  True  we  have 
no  great  variety,  but  we  need  none.  The  Chinese 
make  a  kind  of  cake  which  is  a  substitute  for  bread. 
Indeed  we  want  nothing  but  lively  gratitude  and  cor- 
responding zeal." 

He  now  commenced   missionarv  labor  with  an 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  221 

earnestness  which  was  increased  from  the  fact  that 
he  had  been  so  long  unable  to  work  in  his  Master's 
cause,  through  the  operations  of  the  war.  He  thus 
describes  his  first  missionary  tour  to  the  city  of 
Amoy  from  Kolongsoo. 

"  Kolongsoo,  March  28,  1844. 

"I  begin  this  letter  to  have  it  in  readiness  for  the 
first  opportunity.  It  must  be  sent  to  Macao,  there  to 
await  the  first  ship,  which  ship  may  sail  on  its  ar- 
rival or  several  months  after.  In  regard  to  commu- 
nication, I  feel  that  I  have  made  another  remove 
from  you.  In  the  favorable  monsoon  we  are  only 
about  thirty  six  or  forty-eight  hours  from  Macao ; 
but  this  distance  keep  us  in  as  much  ignorance  of 
the  arrival  and  departure  of  ships  there,  as  if  we 
were  so  many  days  away.  I  wrote  you  soon  after 
our  arrival.  Everything  has  gone  on  prosperously 
since.  The  repairs  and  necessary  improvements  of 
the  house  are  finished.  We  have  furnished  it  in 
missionary  style,  with  the  cheapest  articles. 

"  April  5. — For  several  evenings,  I  have  either 
been  exhausted  or  engaged  at  the  usual  time  for 
writing.  During  this  interval,  we  have  made  our 
first  visit  to  the  city  of  Amoy.  We  went  in  com- 
pany with  the  chief  man  who  comes  to  this  place. 
He  took  us  through  a  few  streets  to  his  own  house, 
where  he  gave  us  a  sumptuous  Chinese  dinner  which 
made  us  both  sick.  There  were  about  a  dozen  dif- 
ferent courses,  each  dish  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
several  kinds  of  meats,  fish,  and  vegetables,  in  a  va- 
riety of  combinations.     When  we  came  away,  he 


222  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sent  with  us  a  present  of  tea  and  Windsor  soap.  He 
spent  several  years  in  visiting  different  settlements 
of  the  English  and  Dutch,  which  accounts  for  his 
having  the  soap.  On  our  way  through  the  streets 
we  attracted  great  attention,  and  drew  together  a 
crowd  of  the  idle  and  curious,  but  they  did  not  at- 
tempt to  molest  us.  Some  boys  attempted  to  frighten 
us  by  crying  out, '  Seize  them,  seize  them.'  We  were 
struck  with  the  number  of  vessels  of  all  sizes ;  and 
with  the  compactness  of  the  buildings,  and  the 
crowded  population  of  the  place.  This  is  the  great 
feature  of  China,  and  this  renders  it  so  important  as 
a  missionary  field.  We  had  a  nice  little  congrega- 
tion to  preach  to  in  our  friend's  house.  Oh,  that 
God  would  soon  raise  up  native  helpers  in  this 
work. 

"April  9. — My  fellow  missionary  leaves  me  in 
the  morning  for  Macao,  hoping  soon  to  return  with 
Mrs.  Boone  and  children.  I  shall  be  alone ;  but 
seasons  of  aloneness  I  find  to  be  profitable.  I  say 
seasons,  for  no  missionary  ought  to  be  alone  in  a 
station  for  a  continuance.  Lately  we  have  had  a 
spell  of  dull,  damp  w^eather,  which  has  prevented 
our  doing  much  direct  missionary  work,  but  we  have 
no  lack  of  visitors.  To-day  we  hear  there  are  seven 
Roman  Catholic  priests  on  their  way  to  this  place. 
God  reigns,  and  this  must  be  our  confidence.  We 
have  come  hither  to  do  His  work,  and  to  carry  out 
His  plans." 

Thus,  for  two  months  Mr.  Abeel  was  left  to  labor 
alone  at  Amoy,  suffering  part  of  the  time  from  sick- 
ness.    But  he  was  exceedingly  happy,  in  his  new 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  223 

position.     He  was  then  relieved   by  the  arrival  of 
other  missionaries. 

During  the  time  embraced  in  this  chapter,  he  was 
called  to  experience  severe  trials  in  the  loss  of  both 
of  his  parents.  Although  in  the  providence  of  God 
he  had  been  removed  from  them  for  years,  yet  few 
persons  ever  possessed  a  deeper  affection  for  thei^ 
kindred.  Hence  he  was  deeply  affected,  when  the 
message  came  that  they  had  been  cut  down  by  the 
hand  of  death.  He  received  intelligence  of  his 
father's  death  while  at  Singapore,  in  May.  This 
event  had  been  expected,  for  there  had  been  a  lin- 
gering disease  of  many  months'  duration.  As  soon 
as  he  heard  of  it  he  sent  the  following  letter  to  his 
mother. 

"  Singapore,  May  5th,  1841. 

''My  dear  Mother. — Since  my  arrival  I  have  heard 
through  Keasbury  of  the  long  expected  event.  It 
has  appeared  so  inevitable  for  a  long  time,  that  1 
was  but  little  surprised  when  he  gave  this  reply 
(which  under  other  circumstances  would  have  been 
so  shocking)  to  my  inquiries.  He  had  lately  received 
several  letters  from  New  Brunswick.  Those  for  me 
have  probably  gone  on  to  China.  I  should  like  to 
know  all  the  particulars  of  the  last  sad  scene  ;  but  I 
conclude  that  he  was  never  restored  to  full  con- 
sciousness until  he  awoke  in  eternity.  I  feel  for 
you,  my  dear  mother,  in  the  change  it  has  made  in 
your  life.  It  grieves  me  to  think  how  lonely  you 
must  be,  and  how  much  at  a  loss  for  employment. 
Poor  dear  father  was  an  object  of  such  incessant 


224  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

care,  that  the  change  must  be  very  great.  I  am 
thankful  that  there  are  so  many  alleviations,  and  I 
feel  particularly  happy  at  such  a  time,  that  you  and 

have  residing  with  you.     May  the 

Lord  render  this  event  exceedingly  profitable  to  us 
all.  Oh,  that  we  all  might  dwell  much  upon  the 
eternal  state  of  the  soul.  A  few  more  years,  and 
we  shall  all  meet,  if  we  are  faithful  unto  death. 
You,  no  doubt,  realize,  (probably  now  more  than 
ever,)  that  the  time  of  your  departure  draws  nigh. 
I  hope  you  feel,  that  there  is  nothing  dreadful  in 
death — that  Christ  has  extracted  its  sting — and  that 
He  is  yours,  and  you  are  His.  IMay  you  feel  that 
desire  to  depart  to  be  with  Him,  which  renders 
every  thought  of  death  delightful.  Having  much 
time  at  your  command,  you  will  have  the  opportu- 
nity of  keeping  your  mind  fixed  upon  those  truths, 
which  are  so  animating  and  sanctifying.  The  char- 
acter and  work  of  our  blessed  Redeemer  is  the  most 
precious  of  all  subjects  ;  and,  in  and  through  Him, 
the  love  and  kindness  of  our  Heavenly  Father,  is 
full  of  consolation  to  the  soul.  What  a  heaven  is 
before  us — the  presence,  and  likeness,  and  favor  of 
the  great  God  !  To  see  Him  whom  our  souls  love, 
who  first  loved  us — to  be  more  intimately  related  to 
Him,  than  we  can  be  to  any  on  earth — to  have  Him 
admit  us  to  His  warmest  affections,  and  show  us  His 
whole  heart — to  be  forever  filled  with  His  fulness — 
incapable  of  sinning  against  Him,  and  qualified  to 
love  Him  with  all  our  powers — are  some  of  the 
sources  of  that  enjoyment  to  which  we  shall  so  soon 
be  translated.     May   the  prospect   be  a   continual 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  225 

feast  to  my  beloved  mother.  Then  when  the  hour 
comes,  you  shall  lift  up  your  head  with  joy.  Oh, 
that  we  all  may  prepare  for  this  glory,  by  cultivating 
those  tempers  and  habits  of  mind  which  can  alone 
render  the  prospect  cheering,  and  fit  us  for  the 
reality." 

In  July  of  1842,  he  was  again  bowed  down  by  the 
sad  intelligence  that  his  mother  had  also  gone  to  her 
rest.  This  was  a  greater  affliction,  because  it  was 
unexpected,  having  occurred  after  a  very  short  ill- 
ness. Her  death  was  a  precious  exemplification  of 
the  power  of  religion  to  sustain  the  timid  soul  in  the 
last  trying  hour  ;  and  to  enable  the  saint  who  had 
lived  in  many  doubts,  to  behold  the  face  of  the  Mas- 
ter in  the  end,  "without  a  cloud  between."  She 
was  deeply  pious,  but  at  the  same  time  often  filled 
with  fear  and  doubts  because  of  her  unworthiness ; 
fears  which  had  but  little  ground  if  aught  could  be 
judged  by  the  fruits  of  her  life  and  her  devotion  to 
God's  service.  They  often  manifested  themselves 
in  a  feeling  of  great  timidity  in  regard  to  the  ap- 
proach of  death.  But  when  the  closing  scene 
arrived,  the  Lord  unveiled  to  her  so  clearly  his  love, 
and  the  fulness  of  Jesus,  that  she  forgot  to  doubt  or 
fear ;  and  her  soul  was  filled  with  rejoicing.  She 
died  in  peace,  enjoying  in  her  own  heart  the  expe- 
rience of  the  Psalmist,  '*  Though  I  walk  through 
the  valley  of  the  shadow  of  death  I  will  fear  no  evil, 
for  thou  art  with  me :  thy  rod,  and  thy  staff  they 
comfort  me." 

The  intelligence  of  his  mother's  death  affected 
10* 


V 


226  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Mr.  Abeel  very  deeply.  He  notices  the  event  in  his 
diary. 

^' July  24. — Two  days  ago  I  received  the  afflictive 
new^s  of  my  beloved  mother's  demise.  I  feel  that  it 
has  rendered  desolate  the  brightest  scenes  of  earth. 
'  I  shall  never  see  you  again  in  this  life,'  w^as  one 
of  her  last  expressions.  I  believed  it ;  but  though 
the  parting  was  something  like  the  bitterness  of 
death,  it  was  not  death.  Now,  I  feel  that  she  is  no 
more  among  the  living — I  thank  the  gi'acious  Re- 
deemer for  her  triumph  of  faith.  How  often  have  I 
prayed  that  she  might  leave  the  world  in  this  frame 
of  mind.  Oh,  that  this  event  may  make  me  realize 
more  than  I  do,  that  I  am  a  stranger  and  sojourner 
here.  Lord,  I  crave  one  blessing,  a  heart  perfectly 
and  perpetually  consecrated  to  thee." 

In  the  following  letter  he  makes  mention  of  this 
same  bereavement. 

"KoLONGsoo,  August  2,  1842. 

"  Since  I  last  wrote  the  sad  news  of  our  great  be- 
reavement has  reached  me.  Though  I  never  ex- 
pected to  see  our  dear  departed  mother  again  in  the 
flesh,  yet  I  feel  that  I  have  lost  my  best,  my  firmest 
earthly  friend ;  and  that  the  light  which  gave  the 
greatest  charm  to  my  native  place  and  earthly 
home,  has  gone  out.  How  desolate  it  must  appear 
where  she  always  was,  to  give  us  such  an  affection- 
ate welcome.  Her's  was  a  mother's  deep,  unvary- 
ing love,  and  we  could  always  calculate  upon  it. 
How  pure  and  free  from  selfishness  it  was.  How 
the  mind  likes  to  dwell  upon  those  qualities ;  some 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  227 

of  which,  I  have  long  thought,  rendered  her  supe- 
rior to  any  other  mother  I  ever  knew.  I  become 
overwhehned  with  sorrow  when  I  think  of  our  loss. 
Oh,  how  I  long  to  receive  the  particulars  of  the 
closing  scene.     I  received  an  overland  letter  from 

Mrs.  ,  which  had  been  written  before   the 

event,  but  had  not  been  mailed ;  it  contained  a  sen- 
tence or  two,  and  referred  to  others  which  had  been 
written,  and  were  in  readiness  for  a  ship.  I  hope 
they  may  soon  arrive,  and  give  me  such  evidences 
of  the  triumphs  of  faith  as  I  have  prayed  might  be 
witnessed  at  this  hour.  We  can  have  no  other  con- 
solation in  the  loss  of  our  relatives  and  friends.  I 
am  exceedingly  anxious,  too,  to  hear  what  effect  it 
has  had  upon  you  all.  God  in  great  mercy  grant 
that  it  may  arouse  us  all  to  the  most  diligent  self-ex- 
amination— that  if  any  of  those  of  us  who  profess 
to  be  prepared  for  death,  have  rested  our  hopes 
on  a  false  foundation,  those  delusions  may  be  torn 
from  us,  and  true  repentance  and  genuine  faith  be 
wrought  within  us.  And,  Oh,  may  those  of  the 
family  who  evidently  have  no  conception  of  the 
worth  of  their  own  souls,  or  the  price  which  their 
redemption  demanded,  at  last  be  brought  to  realize 
the  pressing  necessity  of  obtaining  an  interest  in  the 
great  salvation  without  delay." 

Thus,  new  ties  were  formed  to  draw  his  soul  from 
earth  to  that  heaven  of  rest  to  which  he  was  imper- 
ceptibly though  rapidly  hastening. 

We  will  occupy  the  rest  of  this  chapter  in  quoting 
extracts  from  the  journal  of  his  labors  at  the  new 


228  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Station  at  Amoy  and  Kolongsoo.  One  fact  imparts 
even  greater  interest  to  the  many  pleasing  incidents 
recorded.  This  is  the  closing  journal  of  Mr.  Abeel's 
missionary  labors.  When  it  was  finished  his  health 
entirely  failed ;  and  he  came  to  the  land  of  his  fath- 
ers to  lay  his  bones  with  his  kindred.  And  from  his 
own  expressions  and  the  statements  of  facts,  it  will 
be  seen  that  this  was  the  most  successful  part  of  his 
missionary  life.  His  knowledge  of  the  language  was 
more  enlarged,  and  his  influence  increased  ;  so  that 
he  was  able  to  preach  the  word,  enjoying  the  confi- 
dence of  those  to  whom  he  dispensed  it.  Dark  and 
mysterious  was  that  Providence  which  removed 
him  from  this  field,  when  so  well  qualified  for  his 
work. 

The  following  extracts,  while  they  are  as  brief  as 
could  possibly  be  made,  present  a  faithful  view  of 
his  closing  missionary  labors,  and  display  the  char- 
acter of  that  singular  people  to  whom  he  broke  the 
bread  of  life. 

^' May  15,  1842. — The  people  at  large  are  ex- 
tremely indiflferent  in  respect  to  their  religious  senti- 
ments. Indeed  they  appear  to  have  no  systematic 
creed  ;  but  they  hold  a  confused  jumble  of  opinions, 
often  contradictory  to  each  other.  I  asked  the  boy 
who  has  been  living  with  us  since  our  arrival,  and 
whom  we  have  endeavored  to  teach  the  unity  of  the 
Godhead  and  the  wickedness  of  idol  worship,  what 
god  he  worshipped  now  ?  He  replied,  '  Oh,  I  am 
not  at  all  particular  ;  any  one  whose  birth-day  hap- 
pens to  come  along.'  An  abandoned,  desperate  fel- 
low, had  been   speaking  of  murdering   men,  with 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  229 

fiendish  pleasure.  I  told  him,  if  he  pursued  such  a 
life,  his  soul  would  sink  to  hell  after  death.  With  a 
broad  laugh  he  answered,  '  That  is  a  matter  of  the 
least  consequence ;'  meaning  that  if  he  did  not  suf- 
fer in  this  life,  he  had  no  solicitude  about  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  next.  The  future  is  too  indistinct  and 
uncertain  to  arouse  their  fears. 

"  May  17. — To-day  we  were  reading  about  the 
poor  widow,  whose  small  offering  was  cast  into  the 
treasury.  My  teacher  attempted  to  illustrate  the 
text  by  an  anecdote.  He  said  there  was  an  old 
woman,  who  lived  in  a  part  of  this  province,  and 
who  requested  the  privilege  of  putting  down  her 
name  to  a  subscription  for  a  bell.  It  was  an  offer- 
ing to  Budh,  and  the  rich  were  giving  of  their  abun- 
dance. When  the  old  woman  made  her  request, 
they  looked  with  astonishment,  and  asked  what  she 
had  to  give.  She  took  a  cash,  less  than  the  thous- 
andth part  of  a  dollar,  and  handed  it  to  the  collector. 
He  threw  it  with  disdain  into  a  pond  of  water,  add- 
ing that  he  supposed  from  her  request  that  she  had 
more  than  that  to  give.  She  replied,  and  her  reply 
has  been  a  proverb  since — '  One  cash,  cheerfully 
bestowed  (from  penury,)  is  as  meritorious  as  tens  of 
thousands  (from  abundance.')  The  bell  was  cast, 
but  its  tones  were  most  defective.  It  was  recast, 
but  with  no  better  effect.  At  last,  after  many  un- 
successful efforts,  Budh  appeared  to  the  collector  in 
a  dream,  and  informed  him  that  the  bell  would 
never  give  forth  a  good  sound  until  the  identical 
cash  of  the  old  woman  was  added  to  the  materials. 
The  pond  was  drained,  the  rejected  cash  found,  the 


230  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEI,. 

bell  once  more  cast,  and  the  tones  were  rich  and 
clear.  Thus,  the  deceiver  sustains  his  cause  by 
associating  with  a  proverb  which  is  in  the  mouths 
of  many,  a  gross  and  fatal  falsehood,  which  they 
equally  believe." 

^' June  1. — Yesterday,  at  the  invitation  of  the 
senior  naval  officer,  I  embarked  with  him  and  oth- 
ers on  board  the  iron  steamer  Medusa  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Tang-Wa,  the  capital  of  the  district  in  which 
Amoy  is  situated.  Our  course  lay  east  of  north. 
We  had  the  island  of  Amoy  on  our  right  the  greater 
part  of  the  distance.  For  the  first  few  miles,  the 
hills  wore  the  same  rugged  barren  aspect  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  coast  of  China.  Fertility  and 
cultivation  grew  upon  us  as  we  advanced.  The 
mountains  on  the  Amoy  side  gradually  descended 
until  the  range  was  continued  by  arable  hills,  cov- 
ered with  green  fields.  In  some  places  the  villages 
were  very  numerous.  The  want  of  trees  was  the 
principal  defect  in  the  scenery,  although  there  were 
some  most  luxuriant  exceptions.  Numerous  well- 
poles  were  scattered  over  the  cultivated  hills,  the 
water  being  used  in  irrigation.  Whole  villages 
seemed  to  turn  out  to  see  the  strange  object  as  she 
passed  ;  indeed  the  hills  were  frequently  darkened 
with  spectators.  From  the  tops  of  the  rocks  which 
crowned  the  highest  elevations,  they  were  watching 
our  movements.  Even  the  women  could  not  re- 
strain their  curiosity,  but  stood  gazing  at  us  in  little 
groups.  Our  steamer  drew  but  four  and  a  half  feet 
water,  and  of  course  could  go  where  no  sailing  ves- 
sel of  any  considerable  size  would  have  ventured. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  231 

We  proceeded  about  seventeen  miles,  when  we 
grounded.  We  then  took  boats,  and  went  two  or 
three  miles  farther.  The  tide  was  so  excessively- 
low  that  the  smallest  boat  could  not  approach  within 
two  miles  of  Tang-Wa.  Had  we  waited,  we  might 
have  gone  up  to  the  town  in  eighteen  feet  of  water. 
On  our  way  back  we  landed  at  one  of  the  villages 
where  the  crowd  of  spectators  was  the  greatest. 
Some  of  them  recognized  me,  and  were  very  civil. 

"  June  7. — This  morning,  I  had  the  great  gratifi- 
cation of  welcoming  back  to  this  field,  my  friend  and 
fellow-laborer  Mr.  Boone,  accompanied  by^  his  fam- 
ily, Mr.  and  Mrs.  McBryde,  and  Dr.  Gumming. 
After  being  so  long  alone,  it  is  a  delightful  change. 
May  the  blessing  of  the  Lord  rest  upon  us  all." 

''July  10. — Our  number  somewhat  reduced  to- 
day. The  inhabitants  of  the  western  village  were 
engaged  in  gathering  the  produce  of  their  fields.  I 
had  before  endeavored  to  prove  to  them  that  this 
was  not  a  sufficient  reason  for  absenting  themselves, 
but  they  are  not  yet  alive,  either  to  the  law  of  the 
Sabbath,  or  to  its  invaluable  privileges. 

"  11. — We  have  been  kept  exceedingly  busy  to- 
day in  our  diflferent  spheres  of  labor.  Several  re- 
spectable families  were  present  at  our  family  wor- 
ship. I  endeavored  to  make  known  to  them  the 
leading  truths  of  revelation.  The  applications  for 
books  have  seldom  been  so  numerous,  or  so  pressing. 
Among  the  patients  were  fifteen  who  had  been  taken 
by  pirates,  some  of  whom  were  shockingly  mangled. 
They  had  been  a  week  in  the  hands  of  these  cruel 


232  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

men,  during  all  which  time  their  wounds  had  never 
been  dressed. 

^'July  23. — To-day  I  have  had  a  conversation  with 
one  of  the  merchants  who  came  to  Kolongsoo,  on 
the  subject  of  female  infanticide.  Assuming  a  coun- 
tenance of  as  much  indifference  as  I  could  com- 
mand, I  asked  him  how  many  of  his  own  children 
he  had  destroyed.  He  instantly  replied,  '  Two.'  I 
asked  him  whether  he  had  spared  any.  He  said, 
'  He  had  saved  one.'  1  then  inquired  how  many 
brothers  he  had.  He  answered,  'Eight.'  I  asked 
him  how  many  children  his  eldest  brother  had  de- 
stroyed. He  said,  '  Five  or  six.'  I  inquired  of  the 
second,  third,  and  all  the  rest.  Some  had  killed 
four  or  five — others  two  or  three — others  had  none 
to  destroy.  I  then  asked  how  many  girls  were  left 
among  them  all.  The  answer  was,  '  Three.'  '  And 
how  many  do  you  think  have  been  strangled  at 
birth  ?'  '  Probably  from  twelve  to  seventeen.'  I 
wished  to  know  the  standing  and  employments  of 
his  brothers.  One,  he  said,  had  obtained  one  of  the 
literary  degrees  at  the  public  examinations — a  sec- 
ond was  a  teacher — one  was  a  sailor — and  the  rest 
were  petty  merchants  like  himself.  It  was  not  ne- 
cessity then,  but  a  cold,  inhuman  calculation  of  the 
gains  and  losses  of  keeping  the  children,  which  must 
have  led  to  their  destruction.  It  is  so  seldom  that 
we  can  find  a  man  as  candid  as  this  merchant,  that 
I  am  quite  incapable  of  saying  whether  he  and  his 
brethren,  have  or  have  not  exceeded  their  neighbors 
in  this  respect.  At  present  I  think  they  have.  I 
have  asked  Mr.  Boone's  teacher  whether  any  of  his 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  233 

children  had  been  deprived  of  life.  He  said,  no — 
adding  that  it  was  a  very  wicked  act.  He  con- 
fessed, however,  that  his  sister  or  sister-in-law  has, 
with  her  own  hands,  destroyed  her  first  three  chil- 
dren successively.  She  was  afraid  to  lay  violent 
hands  on  the  fourth,  believing  it  to  be  one  of  the 
murdered  ones  reappearing  in  a  new  body.  The 
question  had  arisen  in  our  minds  whether  mothers 
could  ever  be  brought  to  participate  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  own  offspring.  Here  was  a  heart- 
rending reply." 

^^  August  31. — This  afternoon,  we  committed 
to  the  tomb  the  remains  of  our  much-esteemed 
and  deeply-regretted  fellow-missionary,  Mrs.  Boone. 
She  departed  this  life  yesterday,  about  five,  p.  m. 
She  had  been  delirious  through  the  day,  and  par- 
tially so  for  two  or  three  days  previous.  Before  her 
illness  became  at  all  alarming,  she  expressed  her  ap- 
prehension that  it  would  result  in  death,  and  'set 
her  house  in  order.'  She  said  she  had  no  fear  of 
the  king  of  terrors,  but  felt  an  unshaken  confidence 
in  God  her  Savior.  She  was  deeply  impressed  with 
the  honor  which  God  had  conferred  upon  her,  in 
calling  her  to  the  missionary  work.  This  she  ex- 
pressed in  strong  language ;  and  this  she  acted  out 
in  all  her  duties.  I  have  known  no  one  more  ener- 
getic, efficient,  and  uniformly  cheerful,  than  this  de- 
voted and  beloved  sister." 

"  September  9. — To-day,  a  steamer  brings  us  the 
unexpected  news  of  peace  between  Great  Britain 
and  China.  The  treaty  quite  equals  our  expecta- 
tions.    The  opening  of  so  many  large  cities  to  com- 


234  MEMOIR    OF    BAVID    ABEEL. 

merce  and  foreign  intercourse — the  appointment  of 
consuls  to  whom  alone  their  countrymen  are  to  be 
amenable — the  regulation  of  trade  by  a  fixed  and 
published  tariff — the  liberty,  so  often  and  effectually 
resisted,  of  having  ladies  accompany  their  husbands, 
are  points  gained,  which  will  promote  the  interests  of 
the  missionary  quite  as  much  as  that  of  the  merchant." 

"  October  31. — During  the  last  week  an  event  has 
occurred  which  may  have  important  bearings.  We 
were  all  invited  to  visit  the  Hae-Hong,  at  present 
the  highest  mandarin  at  Amoy.  Sedan  chairs  were 
sent  for  us,  and  all  went  except  myself,  as  I  was 
unwell  at  the  time.  They  were  received  and  en- 
tertained with  the  greatest  courtesy  and  kindness. 
Their  host  was  so  affable  and  engaging,  that  the  at- 
tendants thought  he  committed  the  extreme  fault  of 
rather  slighting  the  important  duties  of  the  table. 
He  was  informed  of  our  object  in  coming  to  China, 
and  listened  attentively  to  the  most  prominent  doc- 
trines and  -duties  of  our  religion.  Mr.  Boone  prom- 
ised to  send  him  our  books,  which  he  said  he  would 
take  pleasure  in  accepting  and  reading.  What  an 
advance  upon  the  old  system." 

^'November  10. — Our  intended  visit  had  been  so 
far  divulged  that  we  could  scarcely  enter  the  gate, 
so  great  was  the  crowd  who  were  desirous  to  catch 
a  glimpse  of  a  foreign  lady.  The  curiosity  of  the 
other  sex  had  likewise  brought  together  a  large  con- 
course. Mrs.  McBryde  was  received  by  the  wife 
of  our  friend  with  a  freedom  and  gracefulness  of 
manner,  which  showed  that  Chinese  ladies  are  not 
ignorant  of  these  external  accomplishments.     May 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  235 

the  cultivation  of  their  minds  soon  claim  the  atten- 
tion of  their  parents  and  guardians.  The  first  part 
of  the  day  was  spent  in  company  with  Yev/-Ako, 
our  host,  and  his  friends  who  had  assembled  to  see 
us.  To  my  surprise,  the  former  asked  me  to  ad- 
dress the  people  on  the  religion  of  Jesus.  He  him- 
self professes  Mahommedanism.  It  is  the  religion 
of  his  fathers,  though  he  evidently  knows  but  little 
of  its  peculiar  tenets.  He  agrees  with  us  in  de- 
nouncing image-w^orship.  Probably  he  is  not  aware 
of  the  difference  between  us  and  the  more  enlight- 
ened adherents  of  the  false  prophet.  Mr.  McBryce 
and  myself,  were  invited  to  take  Mrs.  McBryde  to 
view  the  extensive  and  highly  improved  grounds. 
This  brought  us  near  the  apartments  of  the  women. 
As  we  approached,  they  rushed  out  in  a  crowd  :o 
see  us.  Probably  two  hundred  of  all  classes  anl 
ages  were  there.  I  learned  from  Mr.  McBryde  th£t 
Yew-Ako  had  spoken  to  him  about  having  me  ac- 
dress  the  w^omen.  Not  knowing  the  fact,  and  finc- 
ing  such  a  favorable  opportunity,  I  asked  the  libertv 
of  speaking  to  them,  which  he  readily  granted.  It 
was  difficult  to  get  them  silent,  and  quite  as  mucii 
so  to  keep  them  from  interrupting  me.  They  broke 
out  very  often,  generally  repeating  what  I  had  said, 
or  making  remarks  upon  what  they  saw.  From 
the  attention  of  some  of  them,  especially  those  more 
advanced  in  life,  I  should  hope  that  some  of  the 
truths  lodged  in  their  minds.  All  restraints  were 
so  far  removed  that  they  spent  hours  watching  us 
wherever  we  went,  and  looking  at  us  while  dining. 
What  a  triumph  over  their  old  customs  and  preju- 


236  MEMOIR    OF    DAVII>    ABEEL. 

dices,  and  what  a  cheering  earnest,  in  the  light  of 
God's  word,  of  the  privileges  which  Christianity 
shall  bring  them. 

"  November  17. — We  are  greatly  encouraged. 
Our  number  on  the  Sabbath  was  about  fifty.  Af- 
ter service,  Yew-Ako,  with  about  twenty  friends, 
came  for  the  same  purpose.  Mr.  Boone,  who  was 
the  Chinese  preacher  for  the  day,  had  a  second  ser- 
vice iox  them.  Yesterday  morning,  an  old  man, 
wiio  mistook  the  day  for  the  Sabbath,  came  to  our 
usual  morning  worship.  His  manner  and  conver- 
sation had  impressed  me  favorably  before.  He 
wanted  a  new  supply  of  books.  He  said  he  read 
the  books  we  gave  him  every  night  and  morning,  at 
which  times  he  prayed  to  the  true  God.  I  inquired 
whether  he  worshipped  the  idols.  He  replied,  *  None 
of  them.'  May  not  the  Spirit  be  leading  him  to  the 
tmth  r 

"  November  23. — We  have  just  had  a  visit  from 
the  Hae-Hong.  He  came  in  mandarin  style,  with 
a  large  train  of  attendants.  He  examined  almost 
everything  he  saw,  and  was  as  friendly  and  free 
from  affectation  here  as  in  his  own  house.  Such  a 
public  call,  witnessed  by  so  many,  and  soon  to  be 
talked  of  in  every  quarter,  must  give  us  favor  in 
the  eyes  of  the  people,  and  remove  their  fears  in  res- 
pect to  having  intercourse  with  us.  He  told  us  that 
the  commander-in-chief  of  the  marine  forces,  who  has 
just  returned  to  Amoy,  was  coming  to  call  upon  us. 

"  November  24. — We  have  actually  had  the  honor 
of  a  call  from  the  Te  Tuk,  the  naval  commander-in- 
chief  of  this  province.     He  is  the  highest  mandarin 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  237 

that  resides  at  Amo}^  and  wears  a  button  of  the  first 
rank.  We  were  much  struck  wdth  the  blandness  of 
his  countenance,  and  the  absence  of  all  airs  in  his 
manner.  We  stand  astonished  at  the  favor  God  is 
giving  us  with  this  people  and  their  rulers,  and  hum- 
bly pray  that  wisdom  and  zeal  may  be  granted  us  to 
make  the  best  improvement  of  the  means  afforded 
us  for  the  promotion  of  his  glory. 

"  November  30. — The  governor-general  of  this 
and  the  neighboring  province  arrived  a  few  days 
ago,  and  sent  his  card  to  us.  The  individual  who 
brought  it  assured  us  that  his  excellency  had  in- 
tended to  call  upon  us,  but  was  prevented  by  what 
our  informant  supposed  to  be  the  misunderstanding 
of  one  of  Sir  Henry  Pottinger's  interpreters." 

'*  December  3. — During  the  present  week  we  have 
returned  the  visit  of  the  Te  Tuk — the  Generalissimo 
of  the  naval  forces  of  the  province  ;  and  called  upon 
the  Tow-Tae — Intendant  of  Circuit — the  highest 
civil  officer  of  the  place.  The  Tow-Tae  sent  his 
card  with  that  of  the  Governor-General.  We  found 
the  officers  upon  whom  we  called  as  affable  and  as 
kind  as  possible.  To  each  of  them  we  have  pre- 
sented a  copy  of  the  New  Testament,  and  other 
books." 

"  February  4,  1843. — Every  day  this  week  has 
been  interesting  on  account  of  the  number  who  have 
called,  and  to  whom  the  character  and  works  of  the 
true  God  have  been  explained.  It  is  gratifying  to 
have  those  return  who  have  evidently  reflected  upon 
what  they  heard  and  read,  and  in  whose  mind  there 
is  a  faint  glimmering  of  light.     Some  of  our  visitors 


238  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sit  a  long  time,  and  listen  attentively  to  the  new  and 
strange  doctrines.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  how^ever, 
that  the  Chinese,  v^^ith  the  fevv^est  exceptions,  never 
contradict  you.  It  is  evidently  the  result  of  indif- 
ference to  religious  subjects.  They  have  so  few 
connected  or  consistent  ideas  in  regard  to  things 
spiritual  and  eternal,  that  they  act  like  children  when 
you  converse  with  them.  Say  what  you  please 
against  their  superstitions,  they  are  never  offended. 
On  the  contrary,  they  appear  as  much  delighted  with 
the  force  of  the  arguments,  as  if  they  themselves  had 
wielded  them  in  favor  of  some  cherished  tenets." 

"  March  24. — Days  and  weeks  fraught  with  cheer- 
ing opportunities  for  preaching  the  Gospel,  have 
passed  since  my  last  entry.  During  the  last  week 
an  unusual  number  of  intelligent  persons  have 
seemed  readily  to  comprehend  the  statements  and 
arguments  which  I  generally  employ,  and  to  be 
somewhat  impressed  with  their  force.  They  are 
generally  struck  with  the  absurdity  which  I  endea- 
vor to  point  out ;  and  especially  when  I  descend  to 
particulars,  and  remind  them  who  their  most  popular 
deities  were.  One  of  them — Budh — was  not  even 
a  Chinaman,  but  a  '  black  demon,'  as  they  call  the 
natives  of  India  :  another,  Kwan-te-yay,  was  a  mere 
warrior  ;  a  third,  Ma-tsoo-po,  was  a  young  girl,  who 
was  not  able  to  prolong  her  own  life  beyond  the  pe- 
riod of  youth.  They  profess  to  believe  that  their 
Sinming,  or  clear-sighted  gods,  though  they  were 
men,  have  been  deified  for  their  meritorious  works. 
But  here  I  beg  leave  to  question  their  knowledge  of 
these  things,  reminding  them  that  their  most  vene- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  239 

rated  sage,  Confucius,  when  questioned  about  the 
dead,  asked  '  How  can  we  understand  their  state  V 
Besides,  I  sometimes  inquire,  '  How  is  it  possible  for 
men  who  have  hved  only  a  few  years  to  become  the 
Eternal  God,  of  whom  I  have  spoken.'  I  tell  them, 
according  to  their  own  mode  of  discrimination, — not 
very  metaphysical,  I  acknowledge,  but  strangely 
powerful  with  them — that  '  men  are  men,  and  God  is 
God.' 

"April  15. — The  newly  appointed  Hae-Hong, 
(prefect,)  called  upon  us  this  week,  and  begged  me 
to  go  with  him  on  ship-board.  He  is  a  fine-looking 
man,  of  courtly  manners,  and  expresses  the  greatest 
kindness  of  feeling.  If  I  had  never  lived  in  China 
before  the  new  order  of  things,  I  should  probably 
not  be  so  much  struck  with  the  astonishing  change 
in  the  conduct  of  the  mandarins.  Their  present 
condescension  and  suavity  were  quite  equalled  for- 
merly by  their  disdainful  pride.  While  returning 
their  calls,  we  proposed  visiting  our  old  displaced 
friend.  The  old  Cham-Hoo  excused  himself  from 
seeing  us  ;  he  takes  his  reverses  very  much  to  heart. 
The  old  Hae-Hong  received  us,  but  how  changed. 
He  who  appeared  in  such  splendid  robes  on  their 
new  year,  reminded  me  now  of  a  peacock  with  its 
feathers  plucked.  He  received  us  kindly,  but  the 
call  was  a  sad  one.  Poor  man  !  The  people  have 
petitioned  to  have  him  pardoned,  and  I  hope  it  may 
succeed.  He  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of 
'  the  flayer,'  on  account  of  his  exactions,  but  his  re- 
cent kindness  has  turned  the  tide  of  public  feeling 
in  his  favor. 


240  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  April  24. — Yesterday  was  a  lovely  day,  and  the 
house  was  crowded  with  '  hearers  of  the  word.'  As 
it  is  our  custom  to  kneel  in  prayer,  it  is  interesting 
to  see  such  numbers  of  idolaters,  many  for  the  first 
time,  prostrating  themselves  before  Jehovah.  May 
the  Holy  Spirit  descend  upon  some  of  them,  and 
qualify  them  to  become  teachers  to  their  country- 
men. I  can  scarcely  conceive  how  any  place  can 
furnish  greater  facilities  for  spreading,  far  and  wide, 
the  truths  of  Christianity,  than  this  station.  There 
is  no  necessity  of  leaving  the  house ;  indeed,  it  is 
scarcely  possible  to  do  so.  They  come  in  succes- 
sive companies,  keeping  us  busy  for  several  hours 
of  almost  each  day,  until  we  are  often  quite  ex- 
hausted. At  this  moment  they  are  sitting  on  each 
side  of  me,  and  have  been  surrounding  me  so  much 
since  I  began  to  transcribe  this  journal,  that  I  have 
had  difficulty  to  proceed.  Not  wishing  to  have  any 
leave  the  house  untaught,  I  am  frequently  obliged 
to  lay  down  my  pen,  that  I  may  converse  with  them 
and  give  them  books.  After  living  in  China,  fet- 
tered and  tongue-tied,  to  enjoy  such  perfect  liberty, 
and  so  many  advantages  as  we  now  have,  is  most 
delightful.  Had  we  but  fellow-missionaries  enough 
to  help  us  in  our  work,  to  open  schools,  establish 
out-stations  in  the  surrounding  country,  and  carry 
on  a  vigorous  system  of  operations,  what  happy  re- 
sults might  we  not  effect. 

"  But,  alas !  how  sad  the  recent  news  from  our 
native  land.  Few  young  men  coming  forward  to 
devote  themselves  to  the  ministry  ;  scarcely  any  to 
offer  themselves  a  living  sacrifice  on  the  altar  of 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  241 

missions.  Fields  the  most  extensive  ever  opened 
to  the  Christian  church,  now  inviting  the  messen- 
gers of  Christ  to  enter ;  the  prayers  of  many  an- 
swered in  the  most  striking  manner;  and  yet, 
scarcely  any  giving  heed  to  these  clear  indications 
of  Providence  ;  very  few  responding  to  the  Heav- 
enly Call,  '  Here  am  I,  send  me.'  " 

Under  date  of  October,  1843,  we  have  the  fol- 
lowing description  of  an  excursion  undertaken  by 
Mr.  Abeel  and  Mr.  Lowrie,  to  Cheang  Chau,  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  that  name. 

"  Having  been  greatly  favored  with  wind  and 
tide,  we  reached  our  destination  about  two  o'clock 
p.  M.  Its  distance  from  Amoy,  is  probably  be- 
tween thirty  and  thirty-five  miles.  Cheang  Chau 
stands  on  the  northeast  bank  of  a  small  river,  hav- 
ing a  very  limited  suburb  on  the  opposite  side,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  two  stone  bridges.  Im- 
mediately on  our  arrival,  we  landed,  entered  the  city 
by  what  is  called  '  the  river  gate,'  and  proceeded, 
through  several  ordinary  streets,  to  what  our  guide 
said  were  apartments  assigned  to  mandarins  and 
strangers,  but  which  we  were  afterwards  told  belong- 
ed to  an  ordinary  inn.  For  the  honor  of  the  country, 
and  the  comfort  of  its  guests,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
it  was  a  mere  tavern,  and  that  of  the  common- 
est description.  It  consisted  of  suits  of  contracted, 
filthy  rooms,  with  a  table,  a  few  old  chairs,  and  two 
or  three  apologies  for  bedsteads.  Travellers,  I  un- 
derstand, may  be  accommodated  with  bed  and 
board,  if  they  prefer  it ;  otherwise,  they  may  take 
furnished  apartments  and  find  themselves. 
11 


242  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

-  The   crowd,  which   began    to   collect  on   our 
reaching  the  shore,  and  which  followed  us  through 
the  streets,  now  urged  its  way  into  our  temporary 
abode       Finding  ourselves  too  much  hemmed  in 
for  comfort,  our  Chinese  companion  wrote  a  request 
to  the  highest  civil  officer  of  the  city,  beggmg  him 
to  send  men  to  keep  away  intruders.     Poor  inno- 
cent man  I     Knowing  our  standing  with  mandarins 
of  more  exalted  rank  than  any  to  be  found  here,  he 
felt  himself  safe  in  reasoning  from  the  greater  to  the 
less,  and  fully  concluded  that  the  announcement  ol 
our' arrival,  and  the  expression  of  our  wishes,  would 
meet  with  all  due  consideration.     Soon  a  military 
officer  of  the  fifth  rank,  wearing  a  crystal  button 
and  a  peacock's  feather,  abruptly  entered,  and  in- 
quired respecting  our  object  in  coming,  our  names 
the  time  of  our  expected  return,  &c. ;  all  of  which 
he  committed  to  writing.     He  was  soon  followed 
by  another  of  greater  dignity,  and  more  pohteness, 
who  satisfied  himself  with   looking  at  the   paper, 
making  a  few  inquiries,  and  talking  on  other  sub- 
jects.     Three   others   soon  arrived  in  succession, 
and  made  very  much  the  same  inquiries.     They  as- 
sured us  that  we  were  in  a  common  tavern,  and 
that  they  had  little  or  no  control  over  the  populace ; 
and  begged  us  to  return  to  our  boat,  and  thence  to 
Amoy.  °To  this  unreasonable  request  I  made  no 
reply ;  but  merely  told  them,  that  if  they  were  not 
satisfied  with  the  place  in  which  we  were,  I  hoped 
they  would  provide  a  better  one.     They  said  the 
principal  magistrate  of  the  city  and  district  would 
soon  be  with  us,  and  that  he  might  be  able  to  fur- 


ME?,IO:r    of    DAVID    ABEEL.  243 

nish  us  with  other  apartments.     It  was  not  long  be- 
fore a  tall  man,  wearing  a  gold  button  of  the  seventh 
rank,  entered  in  great  haste ;  and,  without  saluting 
or  scarcely  noticing  us,  began   to    talk  with  ou? 
Chme^e  friends  in  a  loud  and  hurried  strain.     As 
his  button  did  not  indicate  any  very  appalling  dig- 
nity, I  waited  awhile,  and  then  inquired  who  the 
animated  speaker  was.    He  proved  to  be  the  magis- 
trate we  were  expecting.     He  descanted  on  the  im- 
propriety of  our  coming  to  the  city,  and  the  injury 
which  was  likely  to  accrue  to  him  for  not  keeping 
us  out.     He  spoke  of  the  danger  of  interrupting  the 
peace  now  happily  established,  and  of  the  danger 
he  apprehended  from    the  gathering  crowd.      He 
touched   on  everything  which   he  thought  would 
alarm  or  move  us,  not  even  omitting  the  treaty,  in 
direct  violation  of  which,  he  said,  we  were  acting, 
as  he  could  show  us  to  our  conviction.     He  wound 
up  with   a  practical   application,  to  which   he,  no 
doubt,  thought  he  had  predisposed  our  minds ;  which 
was,  that  we  should  leave  the  place  immediately, 
and  return  to  Amoy.     I  told  him  briefly  our  object 
in  coming,  and  attempted  to  show  that  the  argu- 
ments he  had  urged  were  powerless,  except  in  one 
or  two  instances,  where  they  operated  against  him- 
self    He  had  spoken  of  peace,  of  the  friendly  rela- 
tions now  existing  between  the  Chinese  and  foreign- 
ers.   I  told  him  this  was  the  very  time  to  visit  them, 
and  that  the  way  to  receive  and  treat  friends  was 
not  to  urge  them  to  depart  as  soon  as  they  arrived. 
That  the  treaty  specified  the  opening  of  certain 
ports  for  commerce,  I  admitted  ;  but  not  that  it  pre- 


244  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

vented  all  strangers  from  visiting  other  parts  of  the 
country.  The  tone  he  at  first  assumed  gradually 
gave  way  as  our  conversation  v^as  prolonged.  He 
laid  his  hand  upon  his  heart,  and  then  upon  mine, 
and  said  we  were  all  brothers.  I  told  of  the  cus- 
toms of  the  western  world ;  how  common  it  was 
for  men  of  different  countries  to  visit  each  other ; 
and  as  it  regards  the  crowd,  of  which  he  had  ex- 
pressed such  fears,  I  had  no  apprehensions  what- 
ever from  that  quarter  ;  the  multitude  was  actuated 
by  a  very  innocent  curiosity— a  curiosity  common 
to  all  countries. 

Finding  that  we  had  no  disposition  to  yield  to  his 
polite  proposition  to  return  before  we  had  seen  the 
place,  and  before  any  good  could  accrue  from  the  ex- 
cursion, he  wished  us  to  accept  a  large  boat,  as  our 
place  of  residence  while  we  remained ;  assuring  us 
that  we  should  then  be  safe  from  the  pilfering  pro- 
pensities of  the  rabble,  and  have  no  annoyance  from 
their  presence.  I  suggested  to  my  Chinese  com- 
panion that  we  might  possibly  find  ourselves  on  our 
way  to  Amoy  in  the  morning ;  which  suspicion  he 
turned  round  and  expressed  aloud,  not  by  my  direc- 
tion, though  I  hope  to  their  edification.  The  mag- 
istrate again  went  through  the  manoeuvre  of  touching 
hearts,  adding  that  we  must  repose  mutual  confidence 
in  each  other. 

"  Having  signified  our  willingness  to  comply  with 
the  request  of  the  magistrate,  we  were  escorted  to 
a  large  boat  by  almost  all  our  official  friends.  We 
were  just  preparing  to  retire,  or  more  strictly,  to  lie 
down,  when  an  inferior  officer  entered,  and  told  us 


MEMOIR  OF  DAVID  ABEEL.  245 

that  the  magistrate  had  seen  the  To  Tae — the  high- 
est civil  mandarin — who  had  urged  him  to  get  us 
away  immediately,  and  that  he  had  sent  down  to  beg 
us  once  more  to  depart.  He  was  reminded  of  the 
suspicion  we  had  expressed,  before  we  consented  to 
take  up  with  such  a  movable  lodging,  and  of  the 
assurance  we  had  received  that  we  should  be  as 
permanent  here  as  on  shore.  Laughing  at  the  ad- 
vantage we  had  gained  over  his  superior,  he  dropped 
the  subject,  and  said  he  would  be  with  us  early  in 
the  morning  to  accompany  us  in  our  excursions. 

"  I  must  acknowledge  that  I  was  somewhat  disap- 
pointed at  the  strength  of  opposition  manifested  to 
our  visiting  the  place.  I  hoped,  without  sufficient 
grounds,  that  there  would  be  no  serious  objection 
to  our  dwelling  among  this  '  great  people.'  My 
mind  was  soon  relieved  from  a  gloomy  train  of 
thought  by  the  remembrance  of  the  wonderful  change 
which  had  already  been  effected.  I  thought  of  the 
four  large  and  important  cities  which  had  been 
thrown  open  to  us,  and  of  the  multitudes  of  towns 
and  villages  lying  in  their  vicinity.  Here  are  fields 
that  will  give  full  employment  to  all  the  missionaries 
who  are  likely  to  be  furnished  by  the  Church  of 
Christ  for  years  to  come.  Let  these  be  occupied, 
and  others  like  them  will  probably  be  opened." 

"  October,  5. — We  had  just  breakfasted,  when  one 
of  the  mandarins  whom  we  had  seen  the  preceding 
evening,  came  with  sedans  to  take  us  to  a  temple 
still  more  celebrated  than  the  one  we  had  just  vis- 
ited. We  passed  through  a  number  of  streets,  some 
of  them  rather  wider  than  any  I  had  seen  of  equal 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 


length  in  other  cities  of  China.  They  were  lined 
as  usual  with  shops,  well  filled  and  showy.  Having 
reached  the  northeast  angle  of  the  city,  we  alighted. 
Here  on  the  gentle  slope  of  a  hill,  stand  an  array  of 
Budhist  buildings,  with  a  far-famed  hall,  dedicated  to 
Choo  Bun  Kong,  the  most  distinguished  commentator 
on  the  classical  books  of  China,  and  one  of  the  un- 
corrupt  magistrates  of  this  city. 

"  The  grounds  are  beautifully  verdant,  and  orna- 
mented in  part  with  fine  trees.  Broad  flights  of 
steps  lead  from  the  gates  to  an  antique  temple, 
built  very  much  in  the  style  of  the  one  already  visited 
by  us,  but  on  a  larger  scale.  Our  official  companion 
told  us  it  was  erected  in  the  Tong  dynasty,  some- 
where between  the  seventh  and  tenth  centuries 
of  our  era.  The  spacious  monastic  buildings  occu- 
pying each  side  of  the  temple,  and  the  area  in  front, 
are  almost  entirely  deserted  of  the  class  by  which 
they  were  originally  inhabited.  In  such  a  place  the 
mind  is  thrown  back  to  bygone  ages,  to  the  succes- 
sive multitudes  of  deceived  beings  who  came  to  this 
temple  to  pay  their  devotions  to  these  '  dumb  idols,' 
and  then  passed  away  in  their  ignorance. 

"  In  the  temple  there  stand  two  very  old-looking 
book-cases,  which  they  gravely  told  us  must  not  be 
opened,  lest  some  deadly  influence  should  issue 
forth.  They  declared,  that  a  man  who  made  this 
rash  attempt  was  destroyed  on  the  spot.  The  hall 
dedicated  to  Choo  Bun  Kong  stands  behind  this 
large  temple ;  it  contains  his  image,  with  a  short 
tablet  giving  his  name  and  place  of  birth.  On  each 
side  are  the  representations  of  a  few  men  distin- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  247 

guished  for  literary  attainments.  The  civil  manda- 
rins resort  here,  twice  a  year,  to  burn  incense  and 
invoke  the  favorable  regards  of  the  sage.  Literary 
men  at  some  of  the  examinations  write  their  themes 
in  this  hall  and  the  ranges  of  rooms  connected  with 
it.     By  them  his  auspices  are  also  sought  for. 

^'  We  ascended  a  hill  immediately  behind  these 
buildings,  which  rises  probably  two  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  were 
surprised  at  the  magnificent  prospect  that  burst  upon 
us.  The  city  lay  reposing  beneath  us ;  the  roofs  of  its 
compact  houses  were  alone  visible,  interspersed  with 
innumerable  trees,  with  here  and  there  a  portion  of 
the  wall  and  part  of  a  small  stream  or  canal.  But 
the  city  filled  only  a  part  of  the  space  within  our 
horizon ;  we  were  nearly  in  the  midst  of  an  am- 
phitheatre of  hills,  inclosing  a  plain,  which  could 
scarcely  have  been  less  than  thirty  miles  in  length 
and  twenty  in  breadth.  Towns,  villages,  and  ham- 
lets, were  visible  in  every  direction ;  those  too  far 
to  be  distinguished  being  indicated  by  groves  or 
clumps  of  luxuriant  trees.  These,  with  the  sugar- 
cane and  rice  fields,  intersected  by  rivers,  canals, 
and  artificial  ponds  for  irrigation,  gave  a  variety  and 
richness  to  the  scene  which  almost  deceived  us  into 
the  forgetfulness  of  its  less  distant  appearances. 

"  I  wished  to  get  an  estimate  of  the  population 
from  an  intelligent  man  who  accompanied  us ;  but 
as  is  generally  the  case  when  this  subject  is  intro- 
duced, he  expressed  as  much  wonder  at  my  question 
as  if  the  sum  were  incalculable.  I  tried  to  talk  him 
out  of  his  mysticism,  when  he  recollected  that  at 


248  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

the  close  of  the  last  dynasty,  more  than  two  cen- 
turies ago,  the  census  gave  seven  or  eight  hundred 
thousand  ;  to  w^hich  he  thought  a  large  number  had 
been  since  added.  Though  the  city  and  suburbs 
are  exceedingly  compact,  they  can  scarcely  contain 
such  a  population.  The  space  appeared  to  us  too 
limited.  What  must  be  the  number  scattered  over 
the  w^hole  country  which  our  position  commanded. 

"  On  our  return,  we  entered  a  number  of  shops, 
and  walked  through  some  of  the  best-looking  streets. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  we  were  honored  with  a 
large  concourse  of  attendants  and  spectators.  Prob- 
ably neither  of  us  ever  attracted  so  much  attention 
before.  We  passed  through  a  street  which  we  saw 
decorated  with  lamps  and  hangings  the  preceding 
evening.  This  was  intended  as  a  peace-offering  to 
the  gods,  by  whose  visitation,  as  they  believed,  they 
had  suffered  severely  from  sickness  and  death.  The 
cholera  had  committed  fearful  ravages  among  them, 
at  times  carrying  away  four  or  five  hundred  a  day. 
The  crowd  which  followed  us  was  so  large,  that 
we  made  the  boatmen  pull  out  and  anchor  in  the 
stream. 

*'  Our  visit  was  interesting,  as  bringing  to  light  a 
number  of  facts.  It  shows  what  a  change  has  been 
effected,  if  not  in  the  disposition,  at  least  in  the  pol- 
icy of  the  government  toward  foreigners.  A  very 
short  time  since,  and  no  stranger  could  have  pene- 
trated to  Cheang  Chau  except  in  disguise.  Then, 
instead  of  condescending  to  reason  with  us,  brute 
force  w^ould  have  been  applied.  The  least  they 
would  have  done,  would  have  been  to  convey  us  un- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  249 

ceremoniously  to  a  boat,  and  command  the  boatmen 
to  be  off  without  delay.  Now,  they  not  only  allow 
us  to  reason  with  them,  but  they  yield,  at  least  prac- 
tically, to  the  force  of  our  arguments.  It  is  highly 
probable  that  the  Emperor,  having  been  compelled 
to  throw  open  certain  ports  for  commerce,  has  sent 
down  his  command  requiring  his  officers  to  prevent 
any  intrusion  into  other  places ;  but  to  do  so  by 
means  which  will  not  disturb  the  present  peace. 
Hence  their  firm  but  not  invincible  opposition.  At 
present  it  would  be  very  difficult,  perhaps  impossi- 
ble, to  make  the  larger  cities  missionary  stations. 
Still,  I  see  no  reason  why  they  might  not  be  consid- 
ered as  outposts,  to  which  we  could  make  frequent 
visits  for  preaching  the  Gospel,  and  scattering  the 
good  seed  in  the  written  page.  At  the  smaller 
places  where  there  are  no  mandarins,  it  would  be 
less  difficult  to  get  a  foothold.  That  the  missionary 
might  visit  villages  almost  without  number,  and  of 
all  sizes,  with  little  or  no  molestation  from  govern- 
ment, appears  highly  probable.  As  far  as  our  obser- 
vation goes,  the  country  is  extensively  open  to  itiner- 
ant labors.  We  confidently  believe  that  any  number 
of  enterprising  men,  having  their  head-quarters  at 
Amoy  or  Kolongsoo,  could  find  abundant  employ- 
ment in  this  populous  region.  That  there  is  any 
necessity  for  having  our  permanent  residence  at 
Kolongsoo  or  Amoy,  remains  to  be  seen.  We  need 
a  larger  force  to  make  such  experiments,  and  until 
the  work  prepared  to  our  hands  is  less  neglected,  it 
is  folly  to  look  out  for  more.  Our  prayers  have  been 
heard — our  sanguine  hopes  exceeded.  God  has  done 
11* 


250  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

great  things  for  China,  whereof  we  are  glad.  And 
now  who  is  there  that  will '  come  over  and  help  us  ?* 
Who  will  go  up,  and  in  the  name  of  its  Sovereign, 
take  possession  of  this  goodly  land  ?" 

Thus,  much  of  Mr.  Abeel's  time  was  spent  in 
making  excursions  to  different  points,  in  the  distri- 
bution of  religious  works  ;  and  in  personal  religious 
conversation  with  the  heathen,  when  he  could  not 
obtain  the  opportunity  of  preaching  to  numbers  the 
Gospel  of  grace. 

In  June,  1844,  he  had  the  pleasure  of  welcoming 
at  Amoy,  Messrs.  Doty  and  Pohlman  as  fellow-labor- 
ers in  this  same  field.  This  was  an  opportune  arri- 
val, displaying  the  goodness  and  wisdom  of  Divine 
Providence.  In  August,  Mr.  Abeel  was  obliged  to 
leave  Amoy.  His  health  had  been  sinking  rapidly, 
and  he  sought  once  more  the  benefits  which  he  had 
often  obtained  from  a  voyage.  He  sailed  to  Hong- 
Kong,  another  missionary  station,  where  he  remained 
until  September,  when  he  returned  to  Amoy.  His 
symptoms  had  not  been  in  any  way  mitigated  by 
this  change ;  and,  after  laboring  at  his  post  for  a 
time,  he  was  forced  to  give  up  all  exertion  and  leave 
the  field  entirely.  The  following  is  the  account  of 
his  last  missionary  excursion.  It  is  written  under 
date  of  November  23,  1844. 

"  We  have  just  returned  from  a  visit  to  Quemoy. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  projecting  island  which  is 
passed  in  the  approach  to  Amoy.  Our  kind  friend, 
the  chief  magistrate,  assisted  us  in  procuring  a  suit- 
able boat ;  and  this  to  go  to  a  place  interdicted  by 
treaties ! 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  251 

"  We  started  at  nine  in  the  morning,  and  arrived 
at  three  in  the  afternoon.  Our  vessel  could  not  ap- 
proach within  half  a  mile  or  more  of  the  dry  shore. 
When  we  arrived,  a  cloud  of  human  beings  were 
gradually  moving  out  with  the  receding  tide.  They 
were  picking  up  shell-fish  and  sea- weed,  and  what- 
ever else  they  could  turn  to  the  least  profit.  A  large 
proportion  were  women  and  girls.  We  were  car- 
ried on  men's  backs  to  the  shore,  and  on  their 
shoulders,  (in  sedans,)  when  we  returned.  We 
were  obliged  to  walk  over  a  barren  tract  before 
we  reached  the  chief  town,  Aou  Poi.  It  proved  to 
be  by  far  the  largest  and  most  business-like  place 
we  have  visited  in  the  vicinity  of  Amoy.  It  has 
diverted  the  trade  from  the  walled  city,  which  lies 
some  three  or  four  miles  in  the  interior,  and  was 
once  the  emporium  of  the  island.  Though  rather 
late,  we  started  for  the  city ;  but  after  travelling 
about  half  the  distance,  (myself  being  the  only  one 
in  a  sedan.)  the  pedestrian  powers  of  some  of  our 
party  began  to  fail,  and  it  was  concluded  to  defer  the 
visit  until  we  had  more  time  for  the  examination  of 
the  island. 

"We  were  pleased  with  the  gently  undulating 
surface  of  the  country.  We  saw  no  abrupt  black 
hills,  no  immense  granite  rocks.  The  soil  is  very 
hght,  and  the  chief  production  is  the  sweet  potato ; 
an  article  far  inferior,  as  cultivated  in  China,  to  that 
which  is  obtained  in  either  of  the  southern  or  mid- 
dle states  of  America.  As  usual,  the  eye  caught  a 
village  almost  wherever  it  turned. 

"  Such  was  the  dense  crowd  at  a  temple  where 


252  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

we  stopped  on  our  return,  that  it  was  impossible  to 
make  the  people  listen.  We  noticed  a  large  admix- 
ture of  well-dressed,  intelligent-looking  persons,  who 
requested  books,  both  for  themselves,  and  the  man- 
darins in  whose  offices  many  of  them  are  probably 
employed.  This  place  is  considered  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  be  governed  by  a  mandarin  of  high  rank. 

"  One  object  which  we  had  in  view  in  going  to 
Quemoy,  was  to  obtain  a  correct  idea  of  the  salu- 
brity of  the  island.  I  had  often  inquired  about  it, 
and  had  been  led  to  believe  that  it  was  remarkably 
free  from  the  fevers  and  other  epidemics  which  are 
common  in  the  neighboring  places.  The  dryness 
of  the  soil,  the  absence  of  extensive  paddy  grounds, 
and  the  appearance  of  the  entire  face  of  the  coun- 
try, strengthened  the  impression  which  I  had  derived 
from  others.  There  are  many  excellent  situations 
for  dwelHngs,  and  no  doubt  many  dwellings  in  such 
situations  might  be  obtained.  But  should  we  be 
permitted  to  live  here  ?  It  would  doubtless  be  more 
difficult  than  to  obtain  a  footing  where  there  are 
no  mandarins ;  but  still,  I  think,  in  the  course  of 
time,  it  might  be  effected.  It  would  make  a  desira- 
ble missionary  station,  irrespective  of  its  healthful- 
ness.  The  island  is  said  to  be  as  large  as  Amoy. 
Whether  this  be  true  or  not,  it  must  contain  a  large 
population." 

Mr.  Abeel  concludes  his  journal  with  the  following 
reflections  : — "  I  am  glad  that  I  was  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  Amoy  for  a  short  time,  if  it  were  only  for 
these  experiments.  True,  they  do  not  prove  all 
that  we  wish  to  know.     They  do  not  show,  for  in- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  253 

stance,  whether  missionaries  will  be  allowed  to  re- 
side permanently  in  these  towns  and  villages ;  but 
they  do  show  that  these  and  similar  places  are  per- 
fectly accessible  to  us,  and  that  labors,  which  re- 
quire only  transient  visits,  such  as  preaching  and 
superintending  schools,  may  be  performed.  And 
labors  of  this  description,  I  have  little  doubt,  will 
very  soon  open  the  way  for  permanent  stations, 
wherever  it  may  be  thought  desirable  to  establish 
them.  When  God's  Spirit  shall  be  poured  out,  and 
native  converts  and  evangelists  shall  have  been 
raised  up  to  our  assistance,  what  ample  scope  there 
will  be  for  the  employment  of  all  their  time  and  en- 
ergies. 

"  Never  before  has  the  missionary  work  appear- 
ed so  inviting — never  have  I  been  placed  in  such 
agreeable  circumstances — never  has  labor  been  so 
easy,  so  animating — never  have  the  prospects  been 
so  encouraging.  I  have  lived  through  a  part  of 
China's  long  night  of  exclusiveness,  and  have  seen 
the  morning  spread  itself  upon  her  eastern  moun- 
tains. I  consider  the  country  now  to  be  sufficiently 
open  for  all  missionary  purposes  ;  and  it  is  a  re- 
markable fact,  that  while  the  prospects  of  trade  have 
not  been  realized,  and  merchants  have  thus  far  ac- 
complished but  little,  missionaries  have  been  quietly 
coming  in,  and  taking  possession  of  the  large  com- 
mercial cities.  The  very  spot,  which  those  of  us 
who  were  studying  the  Fukien  dialect,  always  spoke 
of  as  our  most  desirable  residence,  myself  and  others 
have  occupied.  This  difficult  dialect  has  been  ac- 
quired to  a  useful  extent,  and  its  further  acquisition 


254  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

has  been  rendered  easy  and  agreeable.  A  congre- 
gation has  been  gathered,  which,  with  care  may  be 
indefinitely  increased ;  and  an  interesting  meeting 
for  social  prayer  and  catechetical  instruction,  has 
been  well  attended  for  several  months.  The  favor 
of  the  mandarins  and  of  all  classes  of  the  people,  has 
been  secured ;  and  the  whole  surrounding  country, 
with  its  teeming  population,  is,  for  a  wide  circuit  at 
least,  accessible  to  us.  A  band  of  missionaries  has 
lately  arrived  to  strengthen  our  hands,  and  greatly 
increase  our  social  privileges  and  comforts.  Our 
literary  labors  have  never  been  so  interesting.  A 
part  of  the  Bible  has  been  assigned  to  our  mission 
to  translate,  and  the  whole  to  revise.  Great  as  is 
the  trial  of  leaving  the  place  and  the  beloved  com- 
panions in  it,  yet  I  have  been  spared  to  see  so  many 
hopes  realized,  and  the  dispensation  which  calls  me 
away  has  been  so  mercifully  delayed,  that  I  have 
cause  only  for  gratitude.  Oh,  that  many  young 
men  may  be  constrained  to  go  forth  to  this  field, 
and  assist  in  giving  the  Word  free  course,  that  it 
may  be  glorified  among  the  people  !" 

He  essayed  once  after  this  to  preach  to  the  Chi- 
nese, but  on  account  of  the  weakness  and  irritation 
of  his  lungs,  he  was  almost  forced  to  relinquish 
the  effort.  His  sermon  was  founded  on  the  text, 
"  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy 
laden,  and  I  will  give  you  rest."  A  fit  subject  to 
close  his  career  as  an  ambassador  for  Christ  among 
the  poor,  benighted,  and  hopeless  heathen. 

We  have  now  followed  this  servant  of  Jesus 
through  all  his  labors.     His  last  efforts  in  the  ser- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  255 

vice  of  his  Master  were  performed  under  the  pres- 
sure of  severe  and  distressing  disease,  and  yet  they 
were  carried  on  with  all  the  energy  which  he  dis- 
played when  he  first  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his 
missionary  life.  It  only  remains  for  us  to  trace  his 
course  as  he  was  compelled  to  leave  this  field  of  his 
exertions,  and  return  to  his  native  land,  to  die  and 
be  buried  with  his  fathers. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Worn  out  by  exertions  made  while  the  body  was 
suffering  from  the  weakness  incident  to  a  constantly 
feverish  state,  Mr.  Abeel  was  again  forced  to  leave 
his  post,  and  seek  the  home  of  his  fathers,  if  by  the 
good  providence  of  God  he  might  be  permitted  to 
reach  it.  As  has  been  seen,  he  first  sought  to  relieve 
his  physical  distresses  by  short  sea  voyages  about  the 
coast  of  China,  hoping  that  he  might  be  so  much  im- 
proved in  health  as  to  preclude  the  necessity  of  en- 
tirely discontinuing  his  labors.  But  these  expedients 
failed ;  and  he  felt  that  he  must  hasten,  before  his 
strength  was  so  far  exhausted  as  to  place  him  be- 
yond the  hope  of  the  reviving  influence  of  the  sea 
air.     In  all  this  trial  he  possessed  his  soul  in  patience. 

His  journal  says, — "I  have  been  ill  and  absent, 
spending  some  weeks  at  Macao,  and  some  at  Hong- 
Kong.  My  increasingly  feeble  health  has  brought 
death  and  heaven  near.  I  trust  I  have  nothing  to 
fear.  Simply  to  the  cross  I  cling.  Animating  pros- 
pects of  my  Home.  Am  still  afflicted  by  trying 
pains,  but  am  praying  and  striving  for  patience  with 
cheerfulness." 

By  the  advice  of  his  friends,  he  embarked  on  the 
14th  of  January,  1845,  in  the  Natchez,  Capt.  Wa- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  257 

terman,  for  the  port  of  New  York.  So  enfeebled 
was  he  at  this  time,  that  the  night  before  his  em- 
barkation he  feared  to  give  way  to  the  influence  of 
sleep,  lest  his  respiratory  organs  should  cease  to  act. 
After  he  had  been  on  board  a  few  weeks  he  was 
greatly  reheved ;  and  he  then  entertained  the  hope, 
which,  at  the  commencement  of  the  voyage  he 
hardly  dared  indulge,  that  he  might  once  more  reach 
his  native  land.  When  but  two  weeks  of  his  voyage 
had  elapsed,  we  find  this  record  in  his  diary. 

^^  February  2,  184:5.  How  wonderful !  Again  on 
the  mighty  waters  bound  for  America.  After  re- 
turning to  Amoy,  under  the  confident  expectation 
that  the  winter,  would  revive  me,  I  remained  in  a 
very  weak  state.  No  cold,  or  very  cold  weather 
came  on.  I  tried  difl?erent  expedients  in  vain.  A 
low  exhausting  fever  set  in ;  and  as  there  was  no 
prospect  of  improvement,  Heft  Amoy,  December  19, 
1844,  to  try  the  effects  of  a  change  either  to  the 
south  of  China,  Manilla,  or  America.  At  Hong- 
Kong  and  Canton  I  felt  better  in  unimportant  re- 
spects, but  became  worse  in  the  symptoms  which 
were  the  most  serious.  On  the  14th  of  January,  I 
embarked,  doubtful  which  home  I  should  reach  first. 
We  have  been  out  nineteen  days,  and  I  feel  greatly 
relieved.  The  goodness  of  the  Lord  fills  me  with 
surprise.  Every  event  has  been  so  mercifully  or- 
dered." 

He  who  holds  the  winds  and  the  waves  in  His 
hands,  sent  prosperous  gales  to  w^aft  that  vessel 
across  the  broad  ocean. 

The  Natchez  made  one  of  the  shortest  trips  on 


258  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

record ;  and  the  good  providence  of  God  was  dis- 
played in  restoring  this  servant  of  Jesus  so  quickly 
to  the  bosom  of  his  friends,  and  to  the  comforts  and 
care  which  his  weak  state  demanded.  On  the  3rd 
day  of  April  he  arrived  at  New  York,  after  an  ab- 
sence of  six  years.  He  was  then  so  exhausted  and 
worn  out  by  disease,  that  it  hardly  appeared  as  though 
he  could  survive  from  day  to  day ;  and  it  was  with 
great  difficulty  that  he  could  converse. 

He  came  to  the  home  of  his  fathers,  but  its  chief 
attractions  had  been  removed.  His  parents  had  al- 
ready been  gathered  to  the  silent  tomb ;  and  the  joy 
experienced  at  meeting  with  surviving  relatives,  was 
mingled  with  sadness.  So  weak  was  he,  and  un- 
able to  endure  any  exertion,  that  he  could  not  even 
enjoy  the  privilege  of  leading  in  supplication  to  God ; 
and  but  once  after  his  return,  was  his  voice  heard 
pleading  at  the  family  altar,  and  then  his  frequent 
pauses  and  difficult  breathing  gave  evidence,  that 
even  that  privilege  must  be  denied  him. 

After  remaining  in  New  York  for  a  few  weeks,  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  place  on  account  of  the 
distressing  effects  of  the  air  upon  his  lungs.  He 
hastened  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  remained  until 
the  weather  became  more  pleasant,  when  he  sought 
the  pure  air  above  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson 
River.  When  summer  closed,  he  left  the  hospitable 
roofs  under  which  he  had  been  so  kindly  sheltered, 
where  every  comfort  and  luxury  had  been  adminis- 
tered to  him  by  friendly  hands,  and  travelled  to  Bryan 
county,  Georgia ;  where  the  kind  providence  of  God 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  2S9 

had  raised  up  other  friends,  who  dehghted  to  bestow 
their  hospitality  upon  him. 

During  all  this  time  his  health  was  exceedingly- 
precarious,  and  affected  by  the  slightest  change. 
He  was  almost  constantly  oppressed  by  a  sense  of 
physical  -exhaustion,  which  could  only  be  tempo- 
rarily relieved.  He  was  unwilling  to  use  any  an- 
odynes, fearing  that  they  might  have  the  effect  of 
benumbing  his  mental  faculties,  and  thus  of  destroy- 
ing his  ability  to  perform  and  enjoy  the  great  duties 
of  religion  ;  consequently  he  did  not  find  that  relief 
which  is  often  obtained  from  the  use  of  such  expe- 
dients, by  those  who  are  in  the  last  stages  of  pul- 
monary disease. 

But  though  his  sufferings  were  so  severe,  yet  his 
spiritual  enjoyment  during  this  time  was  constantly 
increasing.  As  the  outward  man  decayed,  the  in- 
ward man  was  renewed  day  by  daj^  Under  date 
of  March  9th,  he  writes  : — "  Bless  the  Lord,  O  my 
soul.  Health  but  little  improved,  but  God's  pres- 
ence and  loving  kindness  fill  me  with  wonder  and 
joy.  I  see  such  unchanging  goodness  in  all  the 
past,  and  find  such  tender  love  in  His  present  deal- 
ings, that  gratitude  and  praise  fill  my  soul.  '  He 
delighteth  in  mercy  ;'  and  that  notwithstanding  my 
past  sins  and  present  deficiencies.  How  delightful 
the  thoughts  of  heaven  have  been.  The  long  days 
and  sleepless  nights  have  often  been  turned  into 
seasons  of  high  enjoyment.  The  Lord  has  aroused 
my  mind  to  the  necessity  of  cultivating  Christ-like 
forbearance,  kindness,  meekness,  and  universal  love. 
This  can  be  done  only  by  watching  the  unceasing 


260  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

operations  of  the  mind,  and  endeavoring  to  correct 
every  wrong  thought  and  improper  course,  in  the 
scenes  which  the  imagination  is  ever  presenting." 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1846,  (the  year  of  his 
death,)  he  made  the  following  entry.  He  was  then 
in  Georgia,  and  had  repeated  evidences  of  approach- 
ing dissolution.  It  is  the  breathing  of  a  soul  ripe 
for  heaven. 

"  I  have  probably  enjoyed  more  of  the  Divine 
presence  and  favor  the  last  year,  than  in  any  pre- 
ceding one.  Very  ill,  much  of  the  time  expecting 
to  die.  Blessed  be  God,  I  have  no  fear  of  death. 
This  has  come  through  confidence  in  the  power  and 
faithfulness  of  my  Redeemer.  Floods  of  light  seem 
sometimes  to  have  poured  into  my  soul.  God  has 
made  His  goodness  to  pass  before  me.  He  has  dis- 
closed to  me  the  love  and  tenderness  of  his  past 
dealings  with  me — how  He  led  me  out  to  the  hea- 
then— sustained  me  all  the  way — and  brought  me 
back  to  die  among  the  dearest  friends,  and  in  the 
most  ameliorating  circumstances.  All,  all  is  of 
grace,  and  my  heart  often  swells  with  gratitude. 
Oh,  who  has  ever  been  more  tenderly  and  delicately 
provided  for  in  all  things.  I  have  eternal  life  in 
bright  and  animating  prospect,  through  Jesus  Christ 
my  all — and  besides,  I  have  '"The  world  and  things 
present  and  things  to  come.'  Oh,  for  more  resem- 
blance to  Jesus.  With  so  little,  I  wonder  at  such 
manifestations  of  love." 

In  the  spring  of  1846,  he  journeyed  slowly  from 
Georgia  to  the  north.  He  again  found  it  impossible 
to  remain  in  the  city  of  New  York,  as  he  was  im- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  261 

mediately  seized  with  a  most  acute  and  distressing 
bronchial  affection,  from  which  he  could  obtain  no 
relief  until  he  breathed  the  pure  air  above  the  High- 
lands. He  continued  at  Albany  until  June,  when 
he  started  for  Rhode  Island  by  the  way  of  New 
York.  On  his  way  down  the  North  River,  he 
gratified  a  desire  which  he  had  often  expressed 
since  his  return,  of  visiting  the  village  of  Athens, 
the  place  of  his  first  settlement  as  a  preacher  of  the 
Gospel.  Twenty  years  had  rolled  by,  since  he  had 
been  permitted  to  preach  there  the  unsearchable 
riches  of  Christ.  The  scene  w^hich  ensued  when 
he  reached  that  place,  was  solemnly  affecting.  The 
fathers  of  the  church  had  already  gone  to  their  rest ; 
but  numbers  were  left,  who  hastened  to  greet  him, 
and  behold  his  face  once  more  in  the  flesh.  And  as 
his  spiritual  children  gathered  around  him,  and  be- 
held his  weakness  and  suffering,  and  recalled  those 
scenes  of  interest  through  which  they  passed  when 
he  broke  to  them  the  bread  of  life,  their  hearts  were 
overcome  by  deep  feeling,  and  even  the  eye  of  man- 
hood was  dimmed  by  the  tear  of  sorrow. 

This  interview  was  so  painfully  interesting  and 
exciting,  that  it  seemed  almost  too  much  for  him  to 
bear ;  and  after  exerting  himself  greatly  to  adminis- 
ter advice  and  consolation  to  these  weeping  friends, 
he  was  forced  to  bid  them  farewell,  and  hasten  away 
from  the  trying  scene. 

He  then  visited  Rhode  Island  ;  and  in  four  weeks 
returned  to  the  State  of  New  York,  and  travelled  as 
far  west  as  Geneva,  to  visit  there  a  relative,  the 
Rev.  Gustavus  Abeel,  D.D.     Now,  he  was  nearly 


262  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

at  the  end  of  the  journey  of  Ufe,  and  his  physical 
sufferings  became  almost  insupportable.  Yet  he 
endured  as  seeing  Him  who  is  invisible.  The 
greater  part  of  his  time  w^as  spent  in  devotional  ex- 
ercises. Unable  to  maintain  a  sitting  posture,  he 
v^ould  lounge  on  the  sofa,  or  lie  on  the  bed  with  his 
open  Bible  at  his  side  ;  and  spend  hours  in  contem- 
plating its  truths,  and  committing  it  to  memory. 
He  also  delighted  greatly  in  repeating  hymns,  with 
which  his  mind  was  richly  stored.  He  was  but  lit- 
tle affected  by  worldly  considerations,  and  his  hopes 
were  growing  brighter  day  by  day.  It  might  truly 
be  said  of  him,  if  it  could  be  applied  to  any  of  his 
generation,  that  he  "  walked  with  God  ;"  and  the 
whole  tenor  of  his  conversation,  savored  of  deep 
spirituality,  and  weanedness  from  the  world. 

He  returned  from  Geneva  to  Albany,  but  it  was 
the  will  of  God  that  he  should  proceed  no  farther. 
He  had  remained  in  Albany  but  a  few  days,  when 
most  unfavorable  symptoms  appeared  which  termi- 
nated in  his  speedy  dissolution.  From  their  first  ap- 
pearance he  sunk  rapidly.  This  decline  was  more 
obvious  to  others  than  himself.  His  mind  was  fully 
prepared  for  his  departure.  For  months  previous, 
and  in  fact,  from  the  time  of  his  return,  he  always 
spoke  of  death  as  an  event  which  might  occur  at 
any  time  ;  and  when  his  attached  friends — who  could 
hardly  enter  into  his  feelings,  and  feared  that  a  con- 
stant contemplation  of  the  great  change  might  af- 
fect his  remaining  strength — chided  him  for  speaking 
of  it  with  such  familiarity,  his  countenance  would 
light  up  with  a  smile  of  holy  confidence  :  and  he 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  263 

would  assure  them,  that  he  had  meditated  on  the 
subject  so  long,  and  realized  the  blessedness  con- 
nected with  the  change  so  fully,  that  he  was  no 
more  disturbed  by  referring  to  it,  than  by  mention- 
ing any  circumstance  that  might  occur  in  his  life. 
This  was  also  manifest  from  the  fact,  that  he  made 
every  minute  arrangement  in  reference  to  the  dis- 
position of  his  affairs  with  perfect  composure  ;  and 
directed  where  his  body  should  be  laid  to  rest,  when 
his  spirit  was  released  from  the  earthly  tabernacle. 
Still,  it  may  be  said  in  one  sense,  that  death  came 
upon  him  suddenly,  and  in  a  measure  unexpectedly. 
He  had  before  rallied  under  like  symptoms  :  and  he 
was  under  the  impression,  when  they  first  appeared, 
that  he  had  sufficient  physical  stamina  to  resist  their 
power.  But  he  soon  saw  that  nature  could  not  en- 
dure the  shock,  and  that  the  last  struggle  had  ar- 
rived. And  physically  speaking,  it  was  a  struggle  ; 
for  his  frame  had  not  lost  all  its  energy,  and  it  re- 
sisted the  inroads  of  the  great  destroyer.  Nervous 
relaxation  and  the  intense  heat  of  the  weather  com- 
bined to  render  his  sufferings  most  acute.  So  great 
was  his  agony,  that  he  would  permit  no  one  to  be 
present  in  his  room  but  the  physician,  who  watched 
over  him  with  the  greatest  solicitude.  Through  the 
grace  of  God,  he  was  able  to  maintain  his  patience 
and  composure,  when  he  found  that  death  was  at 
hand.  He  used  his  remaining  strength  in  commu- 
nion with  God,  and  a  calm  contemplation  of  his  ap- 
proaching end.  There  was  no  sound  heard  in  that 
chamber  of  death  ;  for  the  sufferer  chose  rather  to 
collect  all  his  energies  and  employ  them  in  viewing 


264  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL, 

eternal  realities.  There  was  no  shout  of  triumph 
heard ;  for  the  sting  of  death  had  long  since  passed 
away.  As  the  prophet  of  old  awaited  in  silence  the 
still  small  voice,  so  now  he  remained  calm,  resigned 
and  silent,  awaiting  the  call  of  his  Master.  It  was 
not  the  silence  of  fear,  but  of  composure,  and  deep 
peace  which  flow^ed  like  a  river  in  his  soul. 

His  last  wish,  was  to  be  left  undisturbed  :  and  in 
the  stillness  of  that  chamber  he  communed  with  his 
Master,  till  the  summons  came,  and  he  saw  him 
face  to  face.  Before  his  death  his  pains  and  suffer- 
ings ceased  ;  and  he  lay  as  if  in  a  gentle  slumber, 
when  he  died.  No  groan  or  sigh  was  heard.  He 
fell  asleep  in  Jesus.  Then  was  fulfilled  that  lofty 
desire,  expressed  in  his  journal : — the  last  record — 
written,  as  if  with  painful  difficulty — which  is  the 
full  expression  of  his  hopes  and  feelings.  It  was 
written  but  fourteen  days  before  his  death. 

"  August  20,  1846. — Wonderfully  preserved  ! 
With  a  kind  and  degree  of  disease  which  generally 
has  a  speedy  issue,  I  live  on.  All  things  are  mine. 
God  sustains  me  through  wearisome  days,  and  te- 
dious, painful  nights.  Simple  faith  in  his  word 
keeps  my  mind  in  peace,  but  he  generously  adds 
strong  consolation.  When  I  embarked  for  home, 
the  latter  part  of  the  5th  chapter  of  Hebrews  was 
blessed  to  the  production  of  the  assurance  of  hope, 
or  something  akin  to  it  I  have  not  lost  it.  Death 
has  no  sting.  Oh^  may  the  Conqueror  continue  with 
me  till  the  close,  and  then  ! !  /" 

This  is  the  closing  sentence  of  the  diary.  The 
pen  could  write  no  more,  but  in  a  few  days  the  faith- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  2^5 

ful  disciple  was  permitted  to  realize  the  object  of  his 
desires. 

He  died  on  the  4th  of  September,  1846,  aged 
forty-two  years.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Wyckoff  of  Albany, 
pronounced  the  funeral  discourse,  and  his  body  was 
conveyed  for  interment  to  Greenwood  Cemetery, 
near  the  city  of  New  York.  A  monument  erected 
by  Christian  friends  now  marks  the  place  where  re- 
pose the  remains  of  David  Abeel,  the  first  Foreign 
Missionary  ever  sent  by  his  own  denomination,  to 
preach  the  Gospel  to  the  heathen. 


12 


CHAPTER  XII. 

We  have  now  finished  the  pleasant  labor  of  trac- 
ing the  personal  history  of  David  Abeel.  And  as  a 
fitting  conclusion  to  this  work,  we  propose  to  draw 
a  brief  sketch  of  his  character.  The  narrative  of 
his  life  distinctly  develops  its  chief  traits.  But 
there  are  some  points,  which,  on  account  of  the 
form  that  the  work  has  assumed,  have  not  been  no- 
ticed in  the  preceding  pages,  and  yet  must  be  intro- 
duced to  render  the  description  faithful  and  com- 
plete. 

As  yet,  nothing  has  been  mentioned  in  regard  to 
the  INTELLECTUAL  CHARACTER  and  attainments  of 
David  Abeel,  although  the  reader  must  have  formed 
some  conclusion  on  this  point,  as  he  has  perused  the 
different  extracts  from  his  journals  and  diary.  It 
should  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  diary  was 
written  only  for  personal  use. 

He  was  not  a  man  of  remarkable  power  of  intel- 
lect, or  of  peculiar  genius  ;  if  he  had  been,  perhaps 
he  would  not  have  engaged  so  successfully  in  the 
severe  intellectual  drudgery  connected  with  the 
study  of  a  difficult  language. 

But  while  there  was  no  peculiar  brilliancy  in  his 
mental  formation,  it  was  characterized  by  solidity 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  267 

and  strength.  He  was  emphatically  a  man  of  sound 
mind,  in  the  true  acceptation  of  the  term.  He  was 
a  clear  and  close  thinker;— he  could  appreciate 
nice  distinctions  of  thought,  and  always  expressed 
himself  with  discrimination  and  force. 

This  strength  of  mind,  which  God  had  given  him, 
was  the  foundation  on  which  he  built  the  intellec- 
tual superstructure  carefully  and  assiduously.  From 
the  time  of  life  when  he  first  felt  deeply  the  neces- 
sity of  cultivating  his  mental  powers,  he  had  been 
under  the  influence  of  religious  principle ;  and  was 
impressed  with  one  great  desire— one  object  of  am- 
bition—the improvement  of  his  talents  to  their  ut- 
most extent,  that  ha  might  use  all  for  the  glory  of 
God.  He  did  not  spare  himself  in  any  way  to  at- 
tain that  object.  He  was  an  indefatigable  student. 
We  must,  as  a  matter  of  course,  make  much  allow- 
ance for  the  disadvantages  he  experienced  in  literary 
pursuits,  arising  from  his  feeble  health  ;  but  this  fact 
only  serves  to  show  us  what  energy  he  displayed  in 
cultivating  his  intellect,  and  acquiring  the  knowl- 
edge which  he  possessed,  not  only  on  theological 
subjects,  but  also  on  all  points  of  general  literature. 

He  was  critically  acquainted  with  several  differ- 
ent languages.  He  was  a  thorough  master  of  his 
mother  tongue,  which  he  used  in  conversation  and 
extemporaneous  speaking  with  peculiar  beauty  and 
force.  His  study  of  the  Chinese  language,  doubt- 
less led  him  to  accurate  habits  of  scholarship,  and 
to  an  intimate  acquaintance,  especially  with  the  an- 
cient languages,  that  he  might  be  prepared  for  the 
work  of  faithfully  translating  the  Word  of  God. 


268  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

It  would  be  difficult  for  us  to  ascertain  the  extent 
of  his  knowledge  of  the  Chinese.  That  he  was  en- 
dowed with  peculiar  natural  capabilities  for  its  ac- 
quisition, we  are  well  aware.  His  ear  for  musical 
sound  was  correct  and  delicate,  and  he  was  thus 
fitted  for  observing  and  using  correctly  the  different 
intonations,  on  which  the  meaning  of  words  in  that 
language  chiefly  depends.  He  often  made  the  re- 
mark, that  it  was  almost  useless  for  any  one  to  at- 
tempt the  study  of  the  Chinese  who  had  not  a  criti- 
cal ear  in  distinguishing  sound.  His  acquisitions 
were  restricted  to  one  dialect  of  this  pecuHar  lan- 
guage. To  say  that  he  had  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  it,  w^ould  be  declaring  too  much  ;  for  such  an  ac- 
quaintance would  have  required  more  years  of  study 
than  he  could  have  bestowed,  had  he  always  pos- 
sessed good  health.  He  was  also  acquainted  with 
the  Siamese  and  Malay  languages. 

As  a  preacher^  his  discourses  were  clear  and  for- 
cible. He  was  not  given  to  abstract  discussions  of 
truth,  but  was  rather  plain  and  practical.  His  ser- 
mons were  commonly  prepared  with  great  care.  It 
was  his  custom  to  choose  his  subject  the  first  day  of 
the  week,  and  meditate  on  it,  feeding  his  own  soul 
with  it,  and  drinking  in  the  spirit  of  its  teachings, 
before  he  presented  it  to  the  people  ; — and  thus 
be  brought  "  beaten  oil,"  into  the  sanctuary.  He 
preached  on  the  Sabbath  during  the  greater  part  of 
his  missionary  life — on  two  different  occasions  offi- 
ciating as  chaplain  at  Singapore — at  Canton,  for  the 
foreign  residents  in  connection  with  the  other  mis- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  269 

sionary  brethren — and  at  Kolongsoo,  as  chaplain  for 
the  British  army.  In  the  appendix  to  this  work  will 
be  found  a  sermon,  which  is  inserted  as  a  speci- 
men of  the  depth  of  practical  piety  which  charac- 
terized his  discourses.  His  manner  in  the  pulpil 
was  unaffected,  and  at  the  same  time  winning  and 
impressive  ;  and  the  musical  and  pleasing  intona- 
tions of  his  voice  added  force  to  his  language. 

As  an  autJior,  Mr.  Abeel  contributed  to  the  cause 
of  missions  by  writing  a  description  of  his  residence 
in  China  and  the  adjacent  countries  during  his  first 
visit  to  the  East ;  and  by  publishing  a  work  advo- 
cating the  importance  of  the  great  object  to  which 
he  had  devoted  his  life,  entitled  "  The  Claims  of  the 
World  to  the  Gospel."  The  former  work  was  pub- 
lished soon  after  his  return  from  China  in  1835:  the 
latter  shortly  previous  to  his  departure  for  Canton 
in  1839.  "His  'Residence  in  China'  discovers  a 
quick  apprehension,  and  a  just  perception  of  the 
beautiful  and  the  repulsive,  in  nature  and  in  morals. 
His  'Discussion  on  Missions'  bespeaks  close  discrim- 
ination, accurate  representation,  with  candid  and 
powerful  argumentation."* 

Mr.  A's  strength  of  mind  exhibited  itself  in  con- 
nection with  his  missionary  labors,  in  his  prudence 
and  energy,  and  the  correctness  of  his  judgment. 
He  rose  above  the  contracting  influence  of  preju- 
dice, and  always  embraced  expanded  views  of  duty. 
He  was  very  discriminating  in  his  plans,  and  was 
rarely  if  ever  mistaken  in  his  course. 

♦  Funeral  Discourse  of  Mr.  Abeel,  by  Isaac  N.  Wyckoff,  D.D. 


270  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

Such  was  the  intellectual  character  of  David 
Abeel,  exactly  fitting  him  for  usefulness  as  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  cross  : — enabling  him  to  engage  and 
interest  by  the  power  of  his  preaching — and  to  com- 
mand the  respect  of  all  men  by  the  strength  of  his 
mind,  and  the  prudence  of  his  course. 

Let  us  now  examine  his  religious  character. 
In  this  we  are  more  deeply  interested  ;  for  we  can 
meet  daily  many  who  have  made  the  highest  attain- 
ments in  science  and  literature,  and  who  possess 
great  strength  of  mind  ;  but  there  are  few  who  give 
as  much  diligence  to  keeping  their  hearts,  as  to  the 
Cultivation  of  their  intellects — who  value  spiritual 
truths  as  fully  as  they  do  the  truths  of  natural  sci- 
ence. 

It  would  be  folly  to  say  that  these  pursuits  are 
incompatible ;  for  some  of  the  most  ardent  students 
of  the  natural  sciences  and  of  general  literature, 
have  manifested  the  same  eagerness  in  their  search 
for  spiritual  knowledge ;  and  have  been  humble 
learners  at  the  feet  of  Jesus — the  Great  Teacher. 
But  the  majority  of  intellectual  men  are  so  dazzled 
by  the  splendor  of  worldly  wisdom,  and  fascinated 
by  its  pursuits,  as  to  neglect  that  heavenly  wisdom 
"  which  Cometh  down  from  above."  Hence  it  is 
more  pleasant  to  turn  from  these  traits,  in  which 
David  Abeel  has  been  often  equalled,  and  even  ex- 
celled ;  and  to  view  him  in  a  higher  and  holier  light 
' — as  the  child  of  God,  who  consecrated  himself  en- 
tirely to  his  Master,  and  sought  chiefly  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  divine  things. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  871 

It  may  be  truly  said  that  few  attain  the  heights 
of  piety  which  lie  reached. 

In  looking  at  the  characteristics  of  that  piety  as 
displayed  in  his  views  of  spiritual  subjects,  and  de- 
veloped in  his  life,  we  are  led  to  notice  particularly : 

HIS     EXALTED     CONCEPTIONS    OF    THE     NATURE    AND 

EXTENT,  OF    THE     WORK     OF    SANCTIFICATION    IN    THE 
SOUL. 

It  is  doubtless  true,  that  the  great  deficiencies  in 
the  extent  of  piety  and  self-consecration  of  profes- 
sors of  religion,  can  be  traced  to  their  incorrect 
ideas  of  the  work  of  personal  sanctification.  Many 
are  so  careless  and  worldly-minded,  that  they  do  not 
make  this  a  subject  of  meditation,  and  inquiry,  and 
prayer  ;  while  others  learn  to  cherish  low  and  con- 
tracted ideas  in  regard  to  it.  They  ''  compare  them- 
selves with  themselves,"  taking  as  their  standard 
some  creature  as  fallible  as  themselves,  though  per- 
haps more  holy ;  and  consequently  are  satisfied  with 
limited  attainments  in  personal  piety. 

David  Abeel  acknowledged  as  his  only  rule  in  the 
pursuit  of  holiness,  the  one  laid  down  and  enforced 
in  God's  word — "  Be  ye  holy  even  as  I  am  holy  :" — 
"Be  ye  perfect  as  your  Father  in  heaven  is  perfect." 
In  other  w^ords,  he  knew  of  no  other  bounds  to  his 
desires  and  prayers  than  the  perfection  and  holiness 
of  God.  This  was  a  point  on  which  he  would  often 
expatiate  in  his  conversation  with  Christians.  If  he 
referred  to  the  example  of  men,  it  was  to  show  how 
far  they  had  advanced  in  their  pursuit  after  this 
great  object.  He  frequently  spoke  of  the  Apostle 
Paul  as  an  example  of  great  attainments  in  piety, 


272  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

and  declared  as  his  belief,  "  that  these  were  made 
under  the  same  difficulties  which  all  Christians  have 
encountered — that  although,  an  inspired  apostle,  he 
had  no  special  assistance  in  this  work,  farther  than 
is  vouchsafed  to  every  seeking  child  of  God,  and  that 
any  Christian  who  made  a  right  use  of  his  privi- 
leges, might  attain  the  same  heights  of  sanctifica- 
tion  through  the  grace  of  the  Spirit;"  and  yet  he  did 
not  point  others  to  Paul  as  having  reached  the  high- 
est degree  of  sanctification,  nor  did  he  place  his 
character  before  his  own  soul  in  this  view :  he  looked 
beyond,  to  the  great  example — the  perfectly  holy 
Savior.  His  spirit  and  desires  resembled  those  of 
the  same  apostle  as  expressed  in  the  third  chapter 
of  Philippians, — "  Pressing  toward  the  mark,  for  the 
prize  of  the  high  calling  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus." 

Acting  in  accordance  with  the  promptings  of  this 
one  great  desire,  he  was  led  to  use  with  peculiar 
diligence  the  different  means  of  grace,  appointed  by 
the  goodness  of  God  for  the  increase  of  His  likeness 
and  spirit  in  the  hearts  of  His  children.  While  he 
loved  the  house  of  God,  he  placed  a  far  greater  value 
on  the  private  than  the  public  duties  of  religion.  A 
portion  of  each  day  was  spent  in  secret  communion 
with  God.  He  counted  his  seasons  of  private  de- 
votion, not  by  minutes,  but  hours ;  and  frequently 
whole  days  would  be  spent  in  prayer  and  fasting, 
although  his  health  often  forbade  the  recurrence  of 
the  latter  seasons.  Wherever  he  went  it  was  soon 
obseved  that  a  man  of  God  was  there.  Much  of 
his  time  was  spent  in  his  own  apartment,  and  when 
he  came  out  after  his  seasons  of  retirement,  and 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  273 

rejoined  the  circle,  his  spiritual  conversation  told  of 
the  happiness  which  he  had  enjoyed. 

He  was  an  ardent  student  of  the  Bible — feeling 
the  force  of  the  prayer  which  Jesus  offered  for  his 
disciples:  "Sanctify  them  through  thy  truth,  thy 
word  is  truth."  He  studied  it  on  his  knees,  with  a 
teachable  spirit.  For  days  he  would  pore  over  some 
precious  passage  or  chapter,  until  his  soul  was  filled 
with  its  spirit.  He  would  often  peruse  it  in  many 
different  languages,  that,  to  use  his  own  expression, 
he  might  perhaps  find  some  beauty  or  striking 
thought  brought  to  view  in  one  translation  or  ver- 
sion which  was  not  in  another.  His  Greek  Testa- 
ment and  French  Psalter  were  always  near  him. 
His  views  of  divine  truth  were  deeply  spiritual.  It 
was  delightful  to  hear  him  expatiate  on  passages  of 
Holy  writ,  for  he  seemed  almost  to  catch  the  in- 
spiration of  the  writer.  When  he  returned  from 
China,  he  formed  a  Bible  class  in  the  family ;  and 
the  savor  of  his  instructions  yet  remains  in  the 
minds  of  those  who  were  permitted  to  enjoy  his  ex- 
planations of  the  sacred  volume. 

Wherever  he  went,  the  Bible  was  his  companion ; 
and  as  often  as  opportunity  offered  in  his  journey- 
ings,  he  would  refresh  and  strengthen  his  soul  by 
its  perusal,  and  thus  preserve  himself  from  the  power 
of  worldly  influence.  In  his  hours  of  sickness,  it 
was  his  delight  to  comment  on  different  portions  of 
the  word,  while  some  person  would  read  it  to  him 
slowly.  And  after  his  strength  failed,  the  study  of 
the  Bible  was  the  chief  source  of  his  consolation. 
12* 


274  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

He  was  a  man  of  praye7\ — He  strove  always 
to  possess  the  spirit  encouraged  in  that  direction. 
"  Pray  w^ithout  ceasing."  Prayer  w^as  the  chief 
element  of  his  spiritual  enjoyment — the  air  which- 
he  loved  to  breathe.  When  in  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary, he  found  a  secluded  place  in  the  woods  near 
the  residence  of  his  parents ;  and  there  he  formed 
a  bower,  to  which  he  retired  for  meditation  and 
prayer,  where  he  might  be  undisturbed  by  any 
intrusion.  Daily  he  repaired  to  that  little  Bethel, 
and  in  the  silence  of  nature's  sanctuary  worshipped 
his  God.  In  that  place,  in  answer  to  prayer,  he  first 
became  impressed  with  the  claims  of  the  heathen, 
and  received  light  in  regard  to  his  duty  towards 
them.  In  all  his  course,  he  drew  his  spiritual 
strength  directly  from  God,  and  owed  his  attain- 
ments in  piety  to  his  habit  of  secret  prayer.  It  may 
truly  be  said  of  him,  as  it  was  of  one  whose  char- 
acter he  delighted  to  study,  the  heavenly-minded 
Fletcher — "  His  closet  was  his  favorite  retirement, 
to  which  he  constantly  retreated  whenever  his  du- 
ties allowed  a  season  of  leisure.  Here  he  was  pri- 
vately hidden,  as  in  the  presence  of  God ;  here  he 
would  plunge  himself  into  the  depths  of  humiliation ; 
and  from  hence,  as  from  another  Pisgah,  he  would 
take  a  large  survey  of  the  vast  inheritance  which  is 
reserved  for  the  saints.  Here  he  would  ratify  his 
solemn  engagements  to  God ;  and  here,  like  the 
good  King  Hezekiah,  he  would  spread  the  various 
circumstances  of  the  people  at  the  feet  of  their  com- 
mon Lord.  In  all  cases  of  difficulty  he  would  re- 
tire to  this  consecrated  place  to  ask  counsel  of  the 


MEMOIR  OF  DAVID  ABEEL.  275 

Host  High  ;  and  here  in  times  of  uncommon  dis- 
tress, he  has  continued  during  whole  nights  in  prayer 
to  God." 

Connected  with  his  study  of  God's  word,  and  de- 
light in  secret  prayer,  we  must  not  forget  his  re- 
markable habits  of  meditation.  He  did  not,  like 
some,  spend  his  time  in  this  duty  to  the  neglect  of 
active  labor  in  the  service  of  his  Master.  All  his 
meditations  were  of  such  a  character  that  they  led 
to  greater  diligence  in  that  service ;  and  he  had  ac- 
quired the  habit  of  pursuing  them  while  engaged 
in  other  duties,  and  journeying  from  place  to  place. 
It  was  in  this  w^ay  that  he  obtained  such  rich  and 
deeply  spiritual  views  of  divine  truth.  Thus,  for 
instance,  he  records  in  his  diary  the  delight  which 
he  experienced  for  weeks,  in  contemplating  the 
ideas  suggested  by  the  passage  which  forms  the 
text  of  the  sermon  appended  to  this  memoir. 

*'  I  am  dwelling  on  '  And  so  shall  we  be  ever  with 
the  Lord.'  The  theme  is  refreshing,  enrapturing. 
I  know  not  how  ne^r  I  am  to  death.  Blessed  be 
God,  there  is  no  bitterness  in  the  thought  of  a  speedy 
departure.  '  I  shall  be  satisfied  when  I  awake  (as  I 
literally  may)  with  thy  likeness.'  " 

"  The  theme  of  last  week  is  still  in  contempla- 
tion ;  and  as  I  am  in  no  haste  to  finish  it,  I  hope  it 
may  furnish  animation  for  weeks  to  come." 

His  diary  contains  frequent  notices  of  this  kind. 
He  derived  many  subjects  for  meditation  from  the 
diflferent  hymns  with  which  his  mind  w^as  stored. 
He  was  exceedingly  fond  of  poetry  of  every  kind, 
but  his  chief  enjoyment  was  found  in  such  as  tended 


276  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  sanctify  the  heart.  It  was  his  delight  when  the 
hour  of  twilight  approached,'  to  sit  with  the  family 
and  converse  on  eternal  things,  and  illustrate  his 
spiritual  emotions  in  the  language  of  expressive 
hymns,  on  which  he  had  so  long  reflected,  and  whose 
sentiments  he  felt  so  deeply,  that  they  seemed  as  the 
very  breathings  of  his  soul.  In  repeating  a  hymn, 
he  would  impress  its  beauties  and  holy  thoughts  upon 
the  mind  in  a  way  which  could  never  be  forgotten. 
*'  I  shall  always  remember,"  remarked  a  friend,  "  the 
impression  made  upon  my  mind  by  Mr.  Abeel's 
manner  of  repeating  sacred  poetry — I  can  hear  him 
now,  as  I  once  heard  him  quoting  that  beautiful 
hymn,  '  Ye  angels  who  stand  round  the  throne' — 
and  when  he  lifted  up  his  eyes  to  heaven,  and  his 
voice  expressed  the  desire  of  his  soul  as  he  uttered 
that  line,  '  I  long.  Oh  I  long  to  be  there,'  it  seemed 
as  if  he  was  ready  to  rise  from  earth  and  enter  into 
the  enjoyment  of  his  Father's  house  above." 

Heaven  Avas  the  great  subject  of  his  meditation, 
and  many  of  the  hymns  in  which  he  delighted  were 
descriptive  of  its  holiness  and  enjoyments.  After 
his  last  return  from  the  East,  he  became  acquainted 
with  that  beautiful  hyrnn,  "  I  am  weary  of  straying. 
Oh  fain  would  I  rest."  For  weeks,  he  lingered  in 
delight  over  its  touching  sentiments,  so  applicable 
to  his  own  case — and  often,  as  he  became  excited 
and  interested  in  conversing  on  his  favorite  theme 
of  the  saint's  rest,  he  would  utter  its  language  as  the 
thought  and  feeling  of  his  soul.  The  writer  has 
heard  him  repeat  it,  when  he  had  scarcely  sufficient 
strength  to  undergo  the  physical  exertion  of  speak- 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  277 

ing  ;  and  yet  his  languid  eye  would  light  up  with  in- 
terest and  unwonted  brilliancy  ;  and  as  he  would 
pause  and  rest  between  each  line,  it  seemed  as  though 
the  Christian  pilgrim  felt  his  weariness — while  at  the 
same  time  the  earnest  tones  of  his  voice  told  how  in- 
tense were  his  desires,  if  it  was  the  will  of  Provi- 
dence, to  be  "  near  and  like  his  God,"  and  "  rest  in 
His  presence  above." 

"  I  am  weary  of  straying — O  fain  would  I  rest 
In  that  far  distant  land  of  the  pure  and  the  blest, 
Where  sin  shall  no  longer  its  blandishments  spread, 
And  tears  and  temptations  forever  are  fled. 

I  am  weary  of  hoping — where  hope  is  untrue, 
As  fair,  but  as  fading,  as  morning's  bright  dew  ; 
I  long  for  that  land,  whose  blest  promise  alone, 
Is  changeless  and  sure,  as  Eternity's  throne. 

I  am  weary  of  loving  what  passes  away — 
The  sweetest,  the  dearest,  alas !  may  not  stay ; 
I  long  for  that  land,  where  these  partings  are  o'er, 
And  death  and  the  tomb  can  divide  hearts  no  more. 

I  am  weary  of  sighing  o'er  sorrows  of  earth, 
O'er  joy's  glowing  visions,  that  fade  at  their  birth  ; 
O'er  the  pangs  of  the  loved,  which  we  cannot  assuage, 
O'er  the  blightings  of  youth  and  the  weakness  of  age. 

I  am  weary,  my  Savior,  of  grieving  thy  love — 

0  when  shall  I  rest  in  thy  presence  above — 

1  am  weary,  but  O  !  let  me  never  repine 

While  thy  word,  and  thy  love,  and  thy  presence  are  mine." 

The  use  of  these  means  of  grace  was  the  secret 
of  Mr.  Abeel's  success  in  holy  attainments.  He 
constantly  sought  to  be  more  and  more  like  Jesus ; 
and  it  seemed  to  others,  though  not  to  himself,  that, 


278  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

in  many  respects,  he  did  possess  the  spirit  of  the 
Savior. 

Yet  in  all  his  attainments  he  was  very  humble, 
and  this  humility  was  the  crowning  beauty  of  his 
spiritual  character.  He  was  placed  in  circumstances 
of  peculiar  temptation,  from  the  very  fact  that  his 
piety  was  acknowledged,  and  secured  for  him  a  high 
position,  and  the  respect  of  men.  He  was  in  dan- 
ger of  spiritual  pride,  and  yet  he  only  valued  his 
growth  in  grace,  as  God  enabled  him  to  exercise  the 
feeling  and  humility  of  the  child.  He  was  a  lowly- 
mhided  Christian,  ever  desirous  of  receiving  spirit- 
ual instruction  from  all,  especially  from  those  who 
were  the  poor  of  earth,  but  rich  in  grace  and  relig- 
ious experience,  and  who  "  walked  with  God." 

It  must  not  be  thought  that  Mr.  Abeel  possessed 
any  natural  advantages,  leading  to  a  peculiarly  rapid 
growth  of  grace  in  his  soul.  His  attainments  were 
made  in  opposition  to  a  heart  whose  every  thought 
was  evil.  His  diary  tells  us  of  a  great  spiritual  con- 
flict, carried  on  with  ardor  from  the  time  when  he 
first  espoused  the  cause  of  Christ,  until  he  received 
the  "  crown  of  glory."  There  was  no  cessation  in 
this  warfare.  It  was  a  continual  strife — fightings 
without  and  fears  within — now  resisting  natural  de- 
pravity, or  crying  for  relief  from  the  power  of  evil 
propensities — now  conquering,  and  anon  almost 
fainting  in  the  contest — still  going  onward  and 
upward,  though  the  body  of  sin  dragged  like  a  heavy 
load,  and  forced  him  to  cry  out  in  the  bitterness  of 
his  soul,  "  O  wretched  man  that  I  am,  who  shall 
deliver  me  ?"     Every  victory  was  gained  after  a 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  279 

hard  contest ;  and  his  songs  of  gratitude  to  God  tell 
us  how  deeply  he  felt  His  goodness,  when  permitted 
to  conquer  through  grace. 

The  only  possible  advantage  which  he  could  have 
possessed  over  others,  might  perhaps  be  found  in  the 
feeble  state  of  his  health,  which  tended  to  impress 
on  his  mind  the  shortness  of  life,  and  the  necessity 
of  full  consecration  in  the  service  of  God,  and  con- 
stant preparation  for  death.  And  yet  this  physical 
weakness  must  have  given  greater  strength  to  the 
evil  propensities  within  him,  while  it  lessened  his 
power  of  resistance.  Yet  he  was  assisted  to  over- 
come all,  and  to  say  from  a  full  heart,  in  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  Divine  assistance,  "By  the 
grace  of  God,  I  am  what  I  am." 

In  order  to  complete  this  sketch  of  the  character 
of  David  Abeel,  it  only  remains  to  notice  his  ex- 
alted VIEWS  OF  THE  ChRISTIAn's  DUTIES  AND  RES- 
PONSIBILITIES. This  will  develop  his  public  hfe  and 
labors,  as  the  consideration  of  his  views  of  the  work 
of  sanctification  displayed  his  private  life.  Thus 
we  will  see  that  he  recognized  the  claims  of  duty 
in  regard  to  the  eternal  welfare  of  others,  as  well  as 
in  reference  to  the  cultivation  of  his  own  spirit. 

Mr.  A.  was  a  firm  believer  in  the  declaration  of 
the  apostle,  and  the  reasoning  founded  on  it :  "  For 
ye  are  bought  with  a  price,  therefore  glorify  God  in 
your  body  and  in  your  spirit  which  are  God's."  He 
conceived  that  there  should  be  a  yielding  up  of  every 
energy  to  the  service  of  God,  to  be  used  in  promot- 
ing the  spiritual  well-being  of  others.  It  will  assist 
much  in  forming  right  conceptions  of  his  character, 


280  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

if  we  understand  how  fully  he  realized  this  idea  of 
complete  self-consecration  to  the  service  of  the 
Master — how  he  connected  it  with  every  view  of 
duty,  and  graduated  all  his  conduct  by  it.  It  not 
only  affected  his  course  in  his  active  labors  in  the 
service  of  God,  but  it  also  controlled  him  in  every 
respect,  leading  him  to  adopt  such  plans  and  mani- 
fest such  dispositions,  through  grace  assisting,  as 
would  tend  most  to  "  glorify  God "  in  that  sense 
in  which  the  Apostle  Paul  uses  the  term  ;  or,  at  least, 
would  preserve  from  injury  the  cause  of  religion, 
which  he  so  dearly  loved. 

It  exerted  this  influence  by  producing  and  pro- 
moting a  peculiar  care  in  his  walk  and  conversation, 
that  his  life  might  operate  in  favor  of  religion. 

Perhaps  this  point,  and  the  ideas  connected  with 
it,  in  this  sketch,  may  seem  to  many  to  be  of  too  lit- 
tle importance  to  notice.  But  any  one  acquainted 
with  human  nature,  knows  full  well  that  the  weight 
and  authority  of  personal  influence  are  founded  on 
example  rather  than  precept ;  and,  that  especially  in 
regard  to  matters  of  religion,  men  may  promulge 
doctrine  most  successfully,  if  the  life  attests  to  its 
truth  and  beneficial  effects,  when  they  might  speak  in 
vain,  if  there  was  no  example  to  show  the  sincerity 
of  the  speaker,  and  witness  to  the  constraining  influ- 
ence of  the  truths  which  he  delivers.  And  it  has 
already  been  noticed,  that  the  success  of  the  labors- 
of  Mr.  Abeel  could  be  traced  to  the  consistency 
and  moral  beauty  of  his  character  as  sanctified  by 
grace.  Hence  we  conceive  that  this  point  is  of 
importance,  and  should  be  developed. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  281 

He  cultivated  a  meek  temper  of  v and,  like  that  of 
Christ  his  great  example,  and  held  expansive  and  cath- 
olic views  in  reference  to  the  great  duty  of  Christian 
charity.  He  abhorred  everything  that  savored  of 
fault-finding,  or  resentment,  or  angry  and  narrow- 
minded  feeling.  Although  he  was  naturally  of  an 
ardent  temperament,  as  ardent  as  he  was  brave  and 
manly ;  yet,  by  the  assistance  of  Divine  grace,  he 
subdued  the  former  feelings,  while  he  retained  the 
latter.  The  spirit  of  God  ennobled  and  strengthened 
the  commanding  points  of  his  character,  while  it 
corrected  and  restrained  the  dispositions  founded  on 
selfishness  and  other  false  principles.  He  was  a 
meek  Christian.  He  was  the  victim  of  a  disease, 
which  in  all  its  stages  produced  great  nervous  irrita- 
bihty,  and  rendered  it  the  more  difficult  to  preserve 
an  even  disposition — yet  he  was  not  given  to  the 
exercise  of  angry  and  impatient  feelings.  He  in- 
sisted greatly,  in  his  preaching  and  conversation,  on 
the  cultivation  of  those  expanded  views  of  benevo- 
lence which  are  the  best  safeguards  against  the  in- 
dulgence of  anger.  He  looked  at  all  persons  in  a 
charitable  light,  and  always  desired  to  find  some 
good  trait  in  the  character  even  of  the  most  aban- 
doned. He  never  would  mention  aught  to  the  det- 
riment of  any  one,  and  protested  against  the  exercise 
or  possession  of  such  feelings  by  any  follower  of  the 
meek  and  forgiving  vSavior.  And  when,  in  his  inter- , 
course  with  others,  he  felt  the  risings  of  any  of  these 
unholy  and  selfish  principles  of  his  heart,  which,  if 
indulged,  would  have  led  him  to  speak  evil  of  others, 
he  would  check  them,  and  go  his  closet  and  weep 


08*2  MEMOIR    OF    D.^VID    ABEEL. 

over  his  wickedness,  and  seek  for  grace  to  be  freed 
from  feelings  so  opposed  to  the  true  spirit  of  the 
Gospel.  He  often  records  in  his  diar}',  that  these 
thoughts  of  evil,  never  expressed,  have  caused  sea- 
sons of  penitence  and  deep  contrition,  when  he 
could  not  rest  until  he  had  obtained  pardon  from 
God. 

We  can  trace,  as  the  eliect  of  this  training,  the 
truly  Catholic  spirit  of  Mr.  Abeel.  Though  he  was 
attached  to  his  o^^-n  church,  yet  he  hardly  recog- 
nized the  dividing  lines  of  denominations.  He  was 
a  friend  of  all  of  every  name  who  loved  Jesus.  He 
labored  for  all.  and  prayed  for  all.  He  expressed 
deep  sorrow  whenever  he  beheld  the  operation  of 
sectarian  feehngs.  His  work  led  him  to  feel  the 
wants  of  the  world,  and  the  necessity  of  united 
prayer  and  action  to  secure  its  evangelization  ;  and 
he  wept  over  the  divisions  and  disputes  between 
denominations,  because  profess'mg  Christians  thus 
wasted  precious  time,  and  perverted  their  talents, 
while  thousands  and  milHons  were  passing  into 
eternity,  and  none  came  to  help  or  save  them.  To 
this  charitable  and  catholic  spirit  we  may  ascribe 
his  influence  among  all  denominations. 

The  exalted  views  of  duty  entertained  by  !Mr. 
Abeel,  also  led  him  to  exercise  the  greatest  care  in 
pursuing  a  strictlt/  conscientious  course  of  conduct. 
He  was  scrupulously  exact  in  all  his  afiairs.  and  all 
his  declarations.  Having  cultivated  the  nice  dis- 
tinctions suggested  by  a  sanctified  conscience,  he 
was  always  able  to  solve  questions  of  duty  for  oth- 
ers in  such  a  way.  that   their   subsequent  course 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  283 

would  testify  to  the  correctness  of  his  decision. 
He  never  made,  unguardedly,  any  statement,  al- 
though of  the  smallest  importance.  Trifling  affairs 
in  business  were  always  transacted  with  as  scrupu- 
lous a  regard  to  the  rights  of  others  as  if  they  were 
of  the  greatest  magnitude ;  for,  he  conceived  that 
the  principles  of  right  could  be  violated  as  fully  in 
the  former  as  in  the  latter  case.  He  often  declared 
the  paramount  necessity  of  strictly  conscientious 
conduct,  not  only  as  testifying  to  the  correctness  of 
religious  feeling,  but  also  as  giving  consistency  and 
influence  to  the  Christian  character. 

These  views  also  led  Mr.  Abeel  to  the  exercise 
of  rejinejnent  of  feeling  and  manner,  in  his  inter- 
tercourse  with  all.  He  was  not  only  a  gentleman 
by  birth  and  education,  but  by  principle.  He  often 
referred  to  the  courtly  manners,  and  refined  senti- 
ment, and  polished  language  of  the  Apostle  Paul,  as 
giving  a  charm  to  his  character  and  adorning  his 
ofllice.  To  this,  he  owed  much  of  his  influence  as 
a  missionary.  Wherever  he  went  he  was  greeted 
by  the  most  refined,  and  received  into  circles  whose 
powerful  influence  he  enlisted  in  behalf  of  the  work 
of  his  Master.  During  his  residence  in  Canton  and 
the  East,  he  possessed  the  confidence  of  all  classes. 
It  was  lately  remarked  to  the  writer  by  a  gentle- 
man who  was  for  many  years  a  merchant,  resident 
in  Canton,  "  that  no  person,  not  possessing  offi- 
cial rank,  ever  obtained  such  unbounded  influence 
among  the  foreign  residents  in  that  place,  as  Mr. 
Abeel."  This  was  the  result  of  his  bearing  as  the 
true  Christian   gentleman — and   the   circle   of  his 


284  MEMOIR  OF  DAVID  ABEEL. 

friends  in  Europe,  Asia  and  the  United  States,  who 
mourn  his  loss,  numbers  among  it  many  of  that 
class  who  seldom  are  interested  either  in  the  person 
or  labors  of  the  humble  missionary,  whose  friend- 
ship he  had  won  by  his  urbanity,  and  whose  hearts 
had  been  benefited  by  his  devout  life  and  holy  con- 
versation. 

Yet  there  was  neither  cant  in  his  religion,  nor 
false  refinement  in  his  manner ;  nor  did  his  careful- 
ness in  these  different  respects  arise  from  any  feel- 
ing but  that  of  earnest  desire,  in  the  strength  of  God, 
to  fulfil  his  whole  duty  as  one  who  was  "  bought  with 
a  price." 

To  this  carefulness  and  conscientiouness,  he  owed 
his  success  in  elevating  the  standard  of  personal  piety 
among  those  with  whom  he  associated,  and  in  being 
the  instrument  of  saving  so  many  precious  souls. 

We  may  affirm  with  all  truth,  that  Mr.  Abeel  ac- 
complished more  spiritual  good  in  his  private  inter- 
course with  men,  and  by  the  power  of  his  holy  life, 
than  as  a  preacher.  The  fruits  of  his  ministry  are 
unseen  of  men.  They  were  gathered  as  he  went 
from  place  to  place  in  his  missionary  labors,  or 
when  seeking  for  a  renewal  of  his  physical  strength. 
They  were  gathered  from  different  families,  where 
in  the  providence  of  God  he  tarried  from  time  to 
time.  Cases  are  known  where  whole  households 
have  been  won  to  the  service  of  his  Master  through 
the  instrumentality  of  his  holy  life  and  conversation. 
Often  a  passage  of  Scripture,  or  a  prayer,  or  a  part- 
ing word  would  be  the  appointed  means  of  bringing 
light  and  peace  to  some  precious  soul.     All  felt  that 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  285 

it  was  a  privilege  to  receive  him  and  tender  to  him 
every  hospitahty,  for  he  always  left  a  blessing  be- 
hind, in  his  prayers,  and  the  savor  of  his  heavenly 
conversation. 

A  notice  of  the  public  labors  of  Mr.  Abeel  will 
conclude  this  sketch.  In  regard  to  these  also,  he 
realized  the  duty  of  the  Christian  to  give  himself 
wholly  to  them.  He  was  a  zealous  laborer  in  the 
vineyard  of  the  Lord  ;  he  literally  spent  his  strength 
in  the  cause  of  Christ,  and  was  remarkably  charac- 
terized hy  fidelity  said  prudence. 

He  was  unwavering  in  the  performance  of  duty. 
He  lived  under  the  constant  impression  that  his  life 
would  be  short,  and  he  aimed  at  using  every  mo- 
ment of  time  to  advance  the  cause  of  Jesus  his 
Savior.  His  course  of  duty  was  sometimes  very 
difficult,  at  other  times  very  uncertain,  and  not  to 
be  traced  by  human  wisdom.  His  health,  and  other 
dispensations  of  Divine  Providence,  often  appeared 
as  barriers  in  his  way,  but  he  never  faltered  ;  he 
was  a  man  of  faith  and  zeal,  and  as  far  as  God 
opened  the  way,  he  labored  with  diligence. 

His  steadfastness  and  energy  are  displayed  in  the 
course  he  pursued  when  he  sailed  the  last  time  for 
China.  The  physicians  advised  him  of  the  dangers 
attending  his  departure,  and  the  uncertainty  of  the 
prospect  that  he  would  ever  reach  the  port  of  desti- 
nation. His  debility  and  sufferings  called  him  to 
remain  where  he  might  obtain  all  the  comforts  of 
home,  and  medical  aid.  Weeping  friends  urged 
upon  his  mind  the  consideration  that  his  presence 
at  home  was  of  great  benefit  to  the  cause  of  mis- 


286  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

sions,  and  besought  him  to  tarry — but  he  had  de- 
voted himself  to  the  ignorant  inhabitants  of  China, 
and  there  he  felt  that  he  must  go,  if  he  could  only- 
labor  for  a  short  time.  To  all  his  answer  was,  "  No, 
I  shall  not  forsake  the  heathen,  while  I  have  any 
strength  to  employ  for  their  salvation ;  and  if  it  is 
the  will  of  God  that  my  grave  shall  be  on  heathen 
ground,  it  will  be  the  more  delightful  in  the  morning 
of  the  resurrection,  to  rise  from  the  post  which  my 
Savior  assigns  me."  The  result  proved  that  his 
w^ork  was  not  yet  all  done  in  that  place ;  for  the 
most  interesting  and  useful  part  of  his  missionary 
career  is  embraced  in  the  time  of  his  last  visit  to 
China.  Then  God  broke  down  the  partition  wall, 
and  bade  him  and  his  fellow-laborers  enter  in,  and 
have  free  intercourse  with  her  degraded  inhabitants. 

His  labors  only  ceased  when  his  strength  failed. 
His  last  sermon  to  the  Chinese  was  preached  under 
the  pressure  of  severe  debility  and  with  much  exertion. 
When  he  returned  again  to  the  land  of  his  fathers, 
he  was  worn  out  and  broken  down  by  toil  and  dis- 
ease, and  it  was  evident  that  his  work  was  all  done. 
It  had  been  well  and  faithfully  performed,  under  the 
smiles  and  directing  providence  of  his  covenant  God. 

A  letter  has  recently  been  received  from  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Anderson,  Secretary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
containing  the  following  views  of  the  character  and 
public  services  of  Mr.  Abeel ;  with  which  we  con- 
clude this  sketch. 

"  On  turning  my  thoughts  to  the  subject  of  Dr. 
Abeel's  missionary  character,  I  do  not  find  myself 
in  circumstances  to  do  any  sort  of  justice  to  it.     My 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  287 

acquaintance  with  him  was  not  sufficiently  personal ; 
it  was  too  exclusively  that  of  a  correspondent  and 
distant  observer,  to  get  at  those  nice  shades,  which 
are  essential  to  an  accurate  portraiture  of  his  char- 
acter. It  does  not  yield  to  my  opportunities  for 
observation  or  powers  of  analysis.  I  will  suggest 
such  facts,  however,  as  readily  occur  to  me. 

"  Dr.  Abeel  had  his  own  appropriate  sphere.  His 
gentlemanly  manners  and  fine  feelings  made  him  ac- 
ceptable and  gave  him  access  to  the  more  w^ealthy 
and  cultivated  classes,  both  of  Christians  and  hea- 
thens. If  he  was  frequently  found  among  these 
classes,  it  was  because  such  was  his  vocation  and  he 
yielded  to  it,  and  sought  there  to  exert  an  influence 
in  behalf  of  his  favorite  object.  So  far  as  I  have 
had  the  means  of  knowing,  he  was  never  less  the 
Christian  missionary  when  among  the  wealthy  and 
accomplished,  than  he  was  when  among  classes  of 
less  pretension.  All  who  knew  him  will  acknowl- 
edge the  truth  of  this.  It  required  no  more  effort 
for  him  to  maintain  everywhere  the  character  of  the 
missionary,  than  it  did  that  of  the  Christian.  The 
whole  development  of  his  religious  character  was 
indeed  missionary,  owing  probably  to  the  singularly 
benevolent  cast  of  his  piety,  and  to  his  having  so 
early  devoted  himself  to  the  missionary  work.  The 
benevolence  of  his  piety,  the  ease  of  his  manners, 
the  attractiveness  of  his  conversation,  combined  to 
endear  him  to  many  of  the  finest  Christian  spirits 
among  us  of  both  sexes,  when  he  was  at  home,  who 
delighted  to  alleviate  his  sufTerings,  and  were  in 
turn  much  benefited.     I  wish  there  might  be  others 


288  MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL. 

to  succeed  him  ;  for  the  rich  find  it  hard  to  enter 
the  kingdom  of  heaven ;  and  the  harder,  because  so 
few  approach  them,  as  our  brother  always  did,  in 
the  simplicity  and  frankness  of  the  Gospel. 

"  So  far  as  the  prominent  men  among  the  apos- 
tolical and  other  missionaries  of  the  first  age  of  the 
Christian  church  are  known  to  us,  they  were  unlike 
each  other,  notwithstanding  their  resemblance  in 
spirit  to  Christ.  Our  brother  was  not  a  Paul ;  nor 
was  he  a  Peter;  he  more  resembled  the  beloved 
John.  He  was  fitted  to  conciliate,  to  win ;  he  was 
a  good  pioneer  in  a  mission.  Men  could  not  help 
reposing  confidence  in  him.  His  countenance, 
voice,  and  manner,  all  tended  to  disarm  prejudice, 
and  predisposed  men  to  listen  and  assent.  It  was  a 
good  thing  for  the  Amoy  mission,  that  he  was  one 
who  commenced  it ;  and  to  this,  among  many  other 
favoring  providences,  we  owe  much  of  the  pecul- 
iarly tolerant  spirit  among  the  leading  Chinese  of 
that  place.  The  impression  he  made  during  his  brief 
visit  to  Bangkok,  in  Siam,  was  also  singularly  happy. 
It  was  hard  even  for  prejudiced  and  bigoted  pagans 
to  resist  the  impression,  notwithstanding  his  imper- 
fect use  of  their  language,  that  his  aim  was  to  do 
them  good  ;  and  the  grace  of  God  had  taught  him, 
that  the  secret  of  the  missionary  success  is  in 
preaching  Christ,  as  the  only  name  under  heaven 
given  among  men  whereby  we  must  be  saved. 
Grace  also  inclined  him  everywhere  to  make  direct 
efforts  for  the  salvation  of  individual  men,  as  he 
had  opportunity.  In  this  respect  he  was  a  true  suc- 
cessor of  the  Apostles. 


MEMOIR    OF    DAVID    ABEEL.  289 

"What  he  would  have  accompHshed  as  a  mis- 
sionary, had  he  possessed  more  health  and  a  more 
vigorous  constitution,  and  been  able  completely  to 
master  that  most  difficult  of  all  languages,  the  Chi- 
nese, and  to  spend  a  series  of  years  in  continuous 
missionary  labors,  we  cannot  know.  Nor  is  it  nec- 
essary, to  a  high  appreciation  of  his  character  and 
usefulness  as  a  missionary,  that  we  should  know. 
He  did  what  he  could — he  was  faithful  unto  death 
— he  illustrated  the  spirit  of  his  Lord  and  Master, 
in  the  view  of  the  heathen,  and  in  view  of  the 
churches  at  home  ;  and  his  memory  will  be  cherished, 
not  only  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  but  by 
multitudes  in  other  kindred  bodies  of  Christians  as- 
sociated in  the  work  of  foreign  missions." 

Such  is  a  sketch  of  the  character  of  David  Abeel. 
It  is  believed  to  be  a  faithful  picture  of  his  views 
of  duty,  and  their  effect  on  his  life.  It  testifies  to 
the  power  of  the  grace  of  God  to  convert,  to  sanc- 
tify, and  to  make  useful  in  the  service  of  the  Re- 
deemer. Who  would  not  seek  the  same  grace, 
and  profit  by  its  happy  influences.  He  has  gone  to 
his  reward.  The  ardent,  devoted  child  of  God  has 
now  realized  the  happiness  of  that  state,  which, 
when  he  dwelt  on  earth,  was  the  chief  object  of  his 
hopes  and  desires. 

"The  path  of  the  just  is  as  the  shining  light 
which  shineth  more  and  more  unto  the  perect 

DAY." 

13 


APPENDIX 


RELIGIOUS    VADE    MECUM, 

PREPARED  BY  DAVID  ABEEL,  AT  CANTON,  1830. 


DAILY  GUIDE. 

[to  be  read  carefully  every  morning.] 

Commenced  another  precious  day. 

An  important  part  of  temporal  existence. 

A  minor  cycle  of  human  life. 

Cannot  be  spent  without  great  spiritual  benefit,  or 
injury. 

Has  a  bearing  upon  all  the  future,  and  must  result 
in  unspeakable  gain  or  loss,  to  yourself  and 
others. 

Can  never  be  recalled. 

Must  leave  the  remnant  more  contracted  than  be- 
fore. 

May  be  the  last. 

Is  equally  important  as  though  it  closed  the  season 
of  preparation. 

Must  be  reviewed  under  circumstances  of  the  great- 
est solemnity  and  interest. 

*'  Have  more  and  greater  business  to  do  with  God 
this  day,  than  with  all  the  world  all  my  life." 


RELIGIOUS  VADE  MECUM.  291 

IN  GENERAL,  CONSIDERING  THE  PROBABLE  EVENTS 
OF  THE  DAY. 

What  duties  are  to  be  performed  ? 
What  sins  to  be  avoided  ? 

PARTICULAR    REGULATIONS    IN    PRIVATE. 

1.  What  your  hand  findeth  to  do,  do  vs^ith  your 
might. 

2.  Guard  against  distracting  haste,  and  wandering 

thoughts  in  duty. 

3.  Read  the  word  with  close  and  prayerful  attention. 

4.  In  singing,  attend  to  devotion,  not  style. 

5.  Give  a  season  to  solemn  meditation. 

6.  If  dejected,  fly  to  your  ever  present,  sympathiz-. 

ing  Friend. 

7.  Cultivate    habits   of  holy   intimacy  with    the 
Savior. 

8.  Avoid  temptation. 

9.  Obsta  principiis. 

10.  If  tempted,  look  to  Jesus  for  strength ;  and 
remember  that  your  Savior  endured  tempta- 
tions and  agonies  for  you,  "  and  ye  are  not  your 
own." 

1 1 .  Labor  to  be  as  much  detached  from  the  world 
as  possible.  Exclude  the  future  of  life  from 
your  plans,  desires,  and  thoughts,  except  as 
dictated  by  evident  duty.  To-day !  To-day ! 
make  everything  of  to-day ! 

12.  Cherish  a  strong  interest  in  the  cause  of  Christ, 

especially  in  the  conversion  of  the  heathen,  sea- 
men, and  ungodly  friends. 


292  APPENDIX. 

13.  Keep  hourly  in  mind,  that  even  should  you  do 
your  best,  which  is  rarely  the  case,  you  are  an 
unprofitable  servant ;  and  that  nothing,  but  the 
infinite  sacrifice  of  Jesus,  can  be  of  the  least 
avail  to  justification  and  eternal  life. 

REGULATIONS    FOR    CONDUCT    IN    THE    SOCIETY    OP 
OTHERS. 

1.  Indulge  no  levity,  wit,  or  anecdote,  without  a 

correct  motive  and  good  tendency. 

2.  Avoid  the  appearance  of  dullness,  dejection,  un- 

amiableness,  &c. 

3.  Say  and  do  nothing  which  appears  like  self- 
praise,  or  can  possibly  foster  pride. 

4.  Be  tender  of  the  feelings  of  all,  and  avoid  retali- 

ation, censure,  sarcasm,  &c. 

5.  Never  hear  with  the  least  expression  of  pleas- 
ure, nor  utter  a  word,  which  can  be  interpreted 
into  anything  like  a  momentary  forgetfulness 
of  the  importance  and  necessity  of  religion. 

6.  If  occasion  requires,  or  circumstances  will  ad- 
mit, show  the  deepest  interest  in  commending, 
explaining,  and  enforcing  truth. 

7.  Labor  to  create  opportunities  of  promoting  the 
eternal  welfare  of  your  fellow-men. 

8.  Never  forget  your  station,  responsibility,  and 
final  account. 

9.  Dwell  upon  the  inconceivable  and  eternal  con- 
sequences of  your  ministry  to  others. 


RELIGIOUS    VADE    MECUM.  293 

EVENING  RETROSPECT. 

1.  With  what  feelings  arise  ? 

2.  How  engage  in  private  devotion  ? 

3.  How  family,  or  social  ? 

4.  What  frame  of  mind  until  noon  ? 

5.  How  discharge  devotional  duties  then  ? 

6.  What  exercises  since  ? 

7.  Any  solicitude  for  missions,  or  the  cause  of 
Christ  in  general  ? 

8.  Any  for  friends  and  acquaintances  ? 

9.  Any  animating  glimpses  of  heaven  ? 

10.  Any  new  arguments  to  self-denial,  sacrifice,  ex- 

ertion, prayer  ? 

11.  Any  new  views,  or  salutary  impressions  from 

the  word  ? 

12.  Any  discoveries  in  your  own  heart  from  thoughts, 

wishes,  imaginations,  &c.  ? 

13.  What  sins  in  private  or  public  ? 

14.  What  temptations  and  how  resist  them  ? 

15.  What  done  for  salvation  of  fellow-immortals  ? 

16.  Did  you  seek  opportunities  of  usefulness,  and 

avail  yourself  of  all  ? 

17.  Done  or  said  nothing  to  injure  religion,  or  the 

souls  of  men  ? 

18.  What  progress  in  studies  ? 

19.  With  what  motives  ? 

THIS    WORLD    AS    OPPOSED    TO    SPIRITUAL    RELIGION. 

1.  God  hath  shown  its  worthlessness  : — 
In  the  life  and  death  of  Jesus, 


294  APPENDIX. 

In  case  of  the  Apostles,  and  best  men, 

In  giving  it  to  greatest  enemies.    Nero,  Helioga- 

balus,  &c., 

In  utterly  disappointing  the  expectations  of  men. 

2.  He  hath  curtailed  our  life,  so  that  we  cannot 

enjoy  it. 

3.  He  hath  allowed  it  to  be  our  greatest  tempta- 

tion ;  and,  at  the  same  time  declared,  "  If  any 
man  love  the  world  the  love  of  the  Father  is 
not  in  him." 

OF   THE    christian's    RELATIONS. 

To  your  daily  associates, 

Intimate  friends. 

Whole  circle  of  acquaintances, 

Society  by  which  employed. 

Church  to  which  you.  belong, 

Christendom, 

World, 

Future  generations. 

Eternity. 

PRAYER, 

The  most  important  of  all  duties. 

If  ever  successful  in  any  personal  or  relative  duty, 
it  must  come  exclusively  from  God. 

The  deepest  solicitude  for  the  cause  of  Christ,  in- 
stead of  diverting  the  attention  in  prayer,  should 
increase  its  spirit. 

Thus,  in  the  presence  of  the  ungodly,  instead  of 
aiming  to  affect  their  hearts,  our  hearts  should 


RELIGIOUS    VADE    MECUM.  295 

be  fixed  upon  Him  whose  power  alone  can  con- 
vert. 

Should  regard  prayer  as  the  greatest  assistance,  or 
means  of  success  in  everything. 

How  unwise  to  have  the  mind  so  distracted  by  the 
other  duties  of  the  day,  as  to  be  in  the  least  in- 
disposed to  that,  which  is  the  most  direct  means 
of  giving  them  any  avail. 

HELPS    IN    PRAYER. 

1.  Remember  your  entire  dependence  on  God. 
We  are  not  "  sufficient  of  ourselves." 

2.  Send  up  petitions  for  Divine  assistance. — "  My 

soul  cleaveth  unto  the  dust ;  quicken  thou  me 
according  to  thy  word." 

3.  Engage  your  heart  previously — "  Who  is  this 

that  hath  engaged  his  heart  to  approach  unto 
me,  saith  the  Lord." 

4.  Seek  to  gain  a  spiritual  mind. — "  Be  thou  in  the 
fear  of  the  Lord  all  the  day  long ;"  and  then 
you  can  and  do  pray  without  ceasing. 

5.  Persevere  in  prayer,  notwithstanding  distrac- 
tions. 

6.  Neglect  not  the  Holy  Scripture. — "He  that 
turneth  away  his  ear  from  hearing  the  law, 
even  his  prayer  shall  be  abomination." 

7.  Mortify  all  sin. — "If  I  regard  iniquity  in  my 

heart,  the  Lord  will  not  hear  me." 

8.  Watch  for  the  answer,  as  well  as  the  spirit  of 
prayer.  In  the  evening  ask,  "  Have  I  received 
what  I  prayed  for  ?" 


296  APPENDIX. 

9.  Meditate  before  prayer. — "  While  I  was  musing 
the  fire  burned ;  then  spake  I  with  my  tongue.'* 
10.  Renounce  all  known  sin. — "  If  our  heart  con- 
demn us  not,  then  have  we  confidence  towards 
God ;  and  whatsoever  we  ask  we  receive  of 
him,  because  we  keep  his  commandments,  and 
do  those  things  which  are  pleasing  in  his  sight." 

ENCOURAGEMENTS  TO  PRAYER. 

"Remember  not  the  sins  of  my  youth  nor  my 
transgressions  ;  according  to  thy  mercy  remember 
thou  me,  for  thy  goodness  sake,  O  Lord." 

"  For  thy  name's  sake,  O  Lord,  pardon  mine  ini- 
quity, for  it  is  great." 

"  O  Lord,  though  our  iniquities  testify  against  us, 
do  thou  it,  for  thy  name's  sake,  for  our  backslidings 
are  many,  we  have  sinned  against  thee." 

"Oh  the  hope  of  Israel,  the  Savior  thereof  in 
time  of  trouble,  why  shouldest  thou  be  as  a  stranger 
in  the  land,  and  as  a  wayfaring  man  that  turnest 
aside  to  tarry  for  a  night  ?" 

"  Why  shouldest  thou  be  as  a  man  astonished,  as 
a  mighty  man  that  cannot  save ;  yet,  thou,  O  Lord, 
art  in  the  midst  of  us,  and  we  are  called  by  thy 
name,  leave  us  not." 

"  Call  upon  me,  and  I  will  answer  thee,  and  will 
show  thee  great  and  mighty  things,  w^hich  thou 
knowest  not." 

"  He  is  able  to  do  exceeding  abundantly  above 
all  that  we  ask  or  think." 

*'  And  this  is  the  confidence  that  we  have  in  him, 


RELIGIOUS    VADE    IVIECUM.  297 

that  if  we  ask  anything  according  to  His  will,  He 
heareth  us." 

"  Likewise  the  Spirit  also  helpeth  our  infirmities, 
&c.  He  that  searcheth  the  hearts  knoweth  what 
is  the  mind  of  the  Spirit,  because  He  maketh  inter- 
cession for  the  saints  according  to  the  will  of  God." 

"  Having  therefore,  brethren,  boldness  to  enter 
into  the  holiest,  by  the  blood  of  Jesus." 

"  If  we  confess  our  sins,  He  is  faithful  and  just  to 
forgive  us  our  sins,  and  to  cleanse  us  from  all  un- 
righteousness." 

"  Call  upon  me  in  the  day  of  trouble,  I  w\\\  deli- 
ver thee,  and  thou  shalt  glorify  me." 

HEAVEN. 

Heaven  consists  in  the  perfect  enjoyment  of  the 
presence  and  communion  of  the  exalted  Savior. 

In  the  full  display  of  the  infinite  love,  goodness, 
grace,  wisdom,  and  power  of  God,  through  Jesus 
the  Savior — the  revelations  of  the  eternal  counsels 
of  His  will,  especially  in  the  glorious  work  of  Re- 
demption. 

In  the  delightful  society  of  myriads  of  Angelic 
Spirits,  and  of  Prophets,  Apostles,  Martyrs  and 
Saints,  redeemed  from  earth,  all  constituting  one 
harmonious  family,  with  Jesus  the  Head. 

Heaven  is 

A  separation  from  The  enjoyment  of 

Defiling  corruptions.  Perfect  purity, 

Heart-sinking  sorrows,  Fulness  of  joy, 

13* 


298 


APPENDIX, 


Entangling  temptations, 
Distressing  persecutions, 
Pinching  wants, 
Distracting  fears, 
Deluding  shadows. 

Daily  associate  all  your 
Think  ( 


of 


Everlasting  freedom 
Full  rest, 

Universal  supplies. 
Highest  security, 
Substantial  good. 

experience  with  Heaven. 

The    fulness    of   joy    in 

Heaven, 
Its  unabating  excitement, 
Immortal  energy, 
Liveliest  affection. 
No  wish,  inducement,  pos- 
sibility of  sinning, 
Free,  full,  forgiveness. 
Perfect  holiness. 
Glories  of  the  New  Jeru- 
salem, 
Inheritance  of  all  things^ 
Multitude  innumerable, 
Husband,  hosts  of  breth- 
ren, 
Disesteemed,  slighted  ?  Disinterested  love, 
Opposed  ?  Perfect  unanimity, 

Separated  from  friends  ?   Everlasting  fellowship, 

Sick  ?  Perfect  health. 

Longing  for  the  love  and  Every  desire  perfectly  gra- 
likeness  of  Jesus  ? —  tified,  enjoying  as  much 
for  anything  ?  of  God  as  the  soul  can 

desire. 


Are  your  spirits 
excited  ? 
Depressed  ? 
Wearied  ? 
Stupid  ? 
Tempted  ? 


Sin-burdened  ? 

Sin  polluted  ? 
Fascinated   by   earthly 
grandeur  ? 

Profusion  ? 
Animated  by  crowds  ? 
Left  to  loneliness  ? 


SERMON  ON  HEAVEN. 

BY    DAVID    ABEEL. 

"  And  so  shall  we  ever  be  with  the  Lord."— 1  Thkss.  iv.  17,  last  clause. 

As  man's  chief  duty  consists  in  the  cultivation  of 
the  affections,  so  his  highest  happiness  results  from 
their  proper  exercise. 

Man  was  formed  for  society.  Unlinked  from  the 
chain  of  sympathy  which  unites  him  to  his  fellow- 
beings,  he  cannot  be  happy.  This  law  of  our  na- 
ture admits  of  no  infringement.  The  uniform  ex- 
perience of  the  heart — its  hopes  and  fears — and  joys 
and  sorrows — its  plans  and  pursuits — all  demonstrate 
this  truth.  Amiableness,  benevolence,  gratitude, 
sympathy,  all  those  principles  which  are  essential  to 
perfection  of  character,  are  quite  as  indispensable 
to  enjoyment,  and  have  no  element  but  society. 
But  man  was  not  simply  designed  for  companion- 
ship, he  was  originally  intended  for  the  highest  class 
of  society.  The  Creator  formed  him  for  Himself. 
He  impressed  his  spirit  with  His  own  image — He 
endowed  it  with  powers  capable  of  endless  advance- 
ment— and  He  Himself  must  become  the  infinite 
object  of  adoration  and  love,  or  no  immortal  being 
can  be  perfectly  and  unchangeably  happy. 

This  may  require  demonstration  to  some  minds ; 


300  APPENDIX. 

but  only  to  those  who  forget  that  the  present  is  our 
infantile  state  of  existence,  and,  that  here,  ignorance 
and  error  completely  enwrap  the  majority  of  our 
race.  When  the  spell  of  sin  is  broken,  when  the 
sinner  is  brought  to  love  and  serve  his  God  and 
vSavior,  the  soul  aspires  to  her  original  destination. 
Or,  should  the  delusion  continue  until  death,  it  can 
survive  no  longer.  When  we  awake  to  immortality, 
God  must  be  our  Friend  and  Portion,  or  the  uni- 
verse cannot  compensate  the  loss.  With  such  a 
Friend,  who  can  measure  the  degree  or  assign  the 
duration  to  our  bliss.  Inquire  of  the  most  enlight- 
ened and  experienced  man  on  earth — the  aged 
Christian — whose  heart  has  long  been  the  temple 
of  the  Holy  Ghost — what  defines  the  heaven  he  is 
struggling  to  obtain ;  and  if  the  depth  of  his  soul 
could  give  utterance  to  its  strongest  emotions,  it 
would  cry  out — "  To  be  ever  with  the  Lord — to  be 
EVER  with  the  Lord." 

L  This  is  heaven.  It  is  essentially  a  state 
OF  SOCIAL  felicity.  "  Our  fellowship  is  with  the 
Father,  and  with  His  Son,  Jesus  Christ." 

Friendship  the  most  intimate  and  enduring,  al- 
ways claims  for  its  support  those  moral  and  intel- 
lectual quahties  which  the  judgment  approves  ;  and 
where  there  is  a  capacity  to  appreciate  excellence, 
the  more  elevated  the  character,  the  more  intense 
will  be  the  interest  it  creates.  What  then  must  be 
the  enjoyment  of  God  to  all  those  whom  His  own 
mighty  power  has  wi'ought  to  this  high  destiny. 
Here  is  esteem  and  love  heightened  by  boundless 
admiration.     Infinite  majesty — infinite  mercy,  com- 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  301 

bined.  His  glorious  incommunicable  attributes — 
His  independence,  eternity,  immutability,  immensity 
— must  fill  the  mind  with  the  most  profound  vene- 
ration and  filial  complacency  ;  while  His  condescen- 
sion and  kindness  overwhelm  it  with  wonder  and 
delight. 

Zophar  desired  that  God  would  show  Job  the 
secrets  of  wisdom.  This  is  impossible  on  earth,  but 
in  heaven  there  are  no  secrets,  none,  at  least,  which 
may  be  comprehended.  Mysteries  incomprehen- 
sible to  finite  minds,  there  ever  must  be,  and  this 
secures  the  eternity  of  intellectual  enjoyment. 

The  soul  shall  drink  in  knowledge,  pure  and  copi- 
ous, from  its  original  living  Fountain,  without  ever 
being  able  to  exhaust  the  source  ;  nay,  with  no  other 
restriction  than  that  which  limits  its  own  capacity. 
Who  can  conceive  the  animation  with  which  we 
shall  explore  those  purposes  which  are  developed  in 
the  grandeur  and  variety  of  creation,  and  fulfilled  in 
the  vast,  the  minute,  the  simple,  the  complex  events 
of  universal  Providence.  Then  we  shall  see  through 
this  magnificent  scaffolding  and  perceive  the  design 
of  its  erection.  All  that  was  dark,  and  dubious,  and 
perplexing  on  earth,  shall  here  appear  in  the  most 
admirable  order  and  connection ;  the  fruits  of  infi- 
nite benevolence.  And  above  all,  with  what  incon- 
ceivable joy  shall  "  the  redeemed  from  among  men,'* 
be  admitted  to  those  "treasures  of  wisdom  and 
knowledge,  which  are  hid  in  Christ  Jesus,  which 
God  ordained  before  the  world  unto  our  glory." 
Herein,  we  are  taught,  is  displayed  "  the  manifold 
wisdom  of  God,"  which  "  the  principaUties  and  pow^- 


302  APPENDIX. 

ers  in  heavenly  places"  now  bend  their  mighty  en- 
ergies to  comprehend.  That  which  has  occupied 
the  Divine  mind  from  eternity,  will  surely  furnish 
themes  of  exhaustless  interest  to  all  the  intelligences 
of  heaven  through  their  endless  career. 

Omnipotence  is  another  attribute,  which  is  fitly 
consorted  with  infinite  wisdom.  *'  God  hath  spoken 
once,  twice  have  I  heard  this,  that  power  belongeth 
unto  God." 

Here  is  the  primal  source  of  power — that  power 
which  created  all  things — which  suppHes,  and,  of 
course,  controls  all  the  energy  that  can  ever  be 
brought  to  resist  it — and  yet,  which  only  moves  to 
accomplish  purposes  of  paternal  kindness  to  the  uni- 
verse. How  gratifying  to  every  holy  mind,  that  this 
glorious,  perfect  Being  can  perform  all  His  pleasure. 

In  Him  we  shall  see  combined  with  infinite  wis- 
dom and  power,  infinite  purity  and  rectitude.  "  He 
is  glorious  in  holiness."  This  attribute  is  the  crown- 
ing excellence  of  His  character,  adorning  all  His 
other  perfections,  and  rendering  their  operations  im- 
mutably right.  It  inspires  boundless  and  universal 
confidence,  and  awakens  the  unceasing  praises  of 
the  heavenly  host. 

But  there  is  still  another  aspect  in  which  He  has 
delighted  to  commend  Himself  to  us,  his  erring  crea- 
tures. "  God  is  love."  Such  is  the  sum  of  the  rev- 
elation He  has  made  of  Himself  in  His  word,  and  in 
His  Son — essential,  eternal,  unchageable  love.  In 
yonder  bright  world  we  shall  be  able  to  account  for 
that  love  which  gave  up  its  dearest  object  to  death 
for  its  enemies.     The  face  of  this  love,  beaming  in 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  30^ 

all  its  radiance,  without  one  gathering  frown,  or  in- 
tervening cloud,  shall  pour  its  tide  of  light  and  life 
into  our  souls  forever.  Mightily  strengthened  by 
the  Spirit,  we  shall  then  be  able  "  to  comprehend 
what  is  the  breadth  and  length,  and  depth  and  height, 
and  to  know  the  love  of  Christ  which  passeth  knowl- 
edge." 

But  it  is  not  in  the  contemplation  of  His  attributes 
separately  that  we  shall  then,  as  we  do  now,  become 
acquainted  with  our  Father  and  God. 

He  has  declared,  that  "  we  shall  see  Him  face  to 
face" — that  '*  we  shall  see  Him  as  He  is."  We  shall 
behold  this  perfect  character  in  its  undivided  integ- 
rity. It  is  the  glory  beaming  from  all  these  insepa- 
rable attributes,  in  the  presence  of  which  our  blessed 
Redeemer  has  promised  to  present  us.  To  bring 
this  infinite  nature  more  within  our  view,  it  has  been 
embodied  in  the  mediatorial  person  of  God's  co-equal 
Son.  "  In  Him  dwells  all  the  fulness  of  the  God- 
head bodily."  An  infinite  Being  can  never  be  fully 
comprehended  but  by  Himself;  and  doubtless  much 
of  the  brightness  of  that  glory,  which  would  other- 
wise have  been  too  dazzling  for  even  immortal  vision, 
shall  be  transmitted  through  the  glorified  humanity 
of  the  Redeemer.  Here  our  minds,  even  now,  find 
a  resting  place.  Though  His  Deity  was  almost  con- 
stantly veiled  while  upon  earth,  yet  we  well  remem- 
ber this  exhibition  of  love,  stooping  to  the  lowest 
conditions  of  life,  to  the  humblest  offices  of  affection, 
displaying  a  benevolence  which  the  universe  never 
witnessed  before ;  while,  occasionally,  the  rays  of 
the  Godhead  would  gleam  forth — and  death  and  hell 


304  APPENDIX. 

recognizing  His  majesty  would  resign  their  prey — 
and  nature  would  suspend  her  uniform  laws — and 
her  most  ungovernable  elements  would  instantly 
obey  His  voice.  This  character,  with  all  its  lofty 
attributes,  is  presented  to  the  mind  as  simple  and 
entire.  We  grasp  it  at  once.  If  so  lovely  in  His 
humihation  upon  earth,  how  must  He  appear  on  His 
own  throne,  in  His  own  glory,  and  the  glory  of  His 
Father. 

"  I  beseech  thee,  show  me  thy  glory,"  said  Moses. 
But  though  God  made  His  goodness  to  pass  before 
him,  and  proclaimed  His  name,  yet  He  added,  "  Thou 
canst  not  see  my  face,  for  there  shall  no  man  (no 
mortal)  see  me  and  live."  Nothing  less  than  Divine 
power  can  fortify  the  soul  to  behold  Divine  glory. 
This  is  reserved  for  heaven.  It  is  the  beatific  vis- 
ion of  the  blessed.  With  an  eye  which  blenches  not 
at  uncreated  light — with  a  heart  whose  element  is 
perfect  holiness — what  must  it  be  to  dwell  in  the 
presence  of  this  glory.  Well  might  the  Apostle  de- 
clare, that  the  sufferings  of  this  present  time,  and  his 
sufferings  too,  are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  with 
the  glory  which  is  to  be  revealed.  Happy  spirits ! 
who  have  escaped  from  the  sins  and  infirmities  of 
the  flesh,  and  are  now  before  the  throne  of  God,  and 
the  Lamb.  "  They  see  His  face,  and  His  name  is  in 
their  foreheads."  It  is  the  admiration  of  this  glorious 
character  which  sustains  the  ceaseless  praises  of  the 
ransomed  and  angelic  throng.  "  They  rest  not  day 
or  night,  saying,  Holy,  holy,  holy,  Lord  God  Al- 
mighty, which  was,  and  is,  and  is  to  come."  "  Bless- 
ing, and  glory,  and  wisdom,  and  thanksgiving,  and 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  305 

honor,  and  power,  and  might,  be  unto  our  God  for- 
ever and  ever.  Amen."  Who  that  loves  truth, 
knowledge,  purity,  perfection,  does  not  long  for  such 
a  destiny.  Who  does  not  cry  out,  "  My  soul  thiHt- 
eth  for  God,  for  the  living  God ;  when  shall  I  come 
and  appear  before  God."  "  Whom  have  I  in  heaven 
but  thee,  and  there  is  none  upon  the  earth  that  I  de- 
sire besides  thee." 

This,  then,  must  ever  be  the  chief  source  of  hap- 
piness in  heaven — the  admiration,  the  love,  the  en- 
joyment of  a  Being  of  infinite  perfections — who  is 
as  condescending  and  lovely,  as  He  is  exalted  and 
powerful. 

II.    But  this    happiness    is    increased    by    the 

STRONGEST     SENSE     OF    GRATITUDE     FOR    God's    MANY 

MOST  UNMERITED  FAVORS.  "  Thy  Maker  is  thy  hus- 
band, the  Lord  of  Hosts  is  his  name ;  and  thy  Re- 
deemer, the  Holy  one  of  Israel ;  the  God  of  the  whole 
earth  shall  he  be  called."  It  is  the  Lamb  that  was 
slain  who  fills  the  eternal  throne.  What  a  world  of 
transporting  interest  does  this  open  to  the  mind.  The 
mysterious  union  of  the  creature  with  the  Creator — 
of  the  victim  with  the  Being  whose  inviolable  justice 
and  universal  government  demanded  the  sacrifice — 
are  themes  which  can  only  be  named  in  this  world. 
Our  low  and  lost  condition — our  exposure  to  eternal 
misery — our  deep  and  repulsive  depravity — our  ten 
thousand  thousand  provocations  and  sins — shall  all 
be  remembered  to  enhance  the  mercy  which  saved 
us  ;  while  the  voluntary  abasement  of  this  exalted 
Being — his  assumption  of  all  our  liabilities — and  the 
privation,  and  reproach,  and   toil,  and  agony  which 


306  APPENDIX. 

His  love  cost  Him — shall  produce  the  deepest  impres- 
sion upon  the  mind.  We  must  see  Him  on  His 
throne, — we  must  hear  the  pealing  acclamation, 
*'  \^rthy  is  the  Lamb  that  was  slain,"  as  it  breaks 
from  the  whole  ransomed  multitude,  and  awakens 
the  responses  of  all  the  angelic  choirs,  before  we 
shall  be  qualified  to  look  back  to  the  scenes  which 
He  enacted  in  Bethlehem,  and  Nazareth,  and  Geth- 
semane — in  the  hall  of  Pilate,  and  on  Calvary. 
When  we  see  the  very  highest  honors  of  heaven 
paid  to  the  Lamb  of  God,  His  sacrifice  shall  appear 
in  its  true  light.  Not  till  then,  shall  we  be  fully  pre- 
pared to  sing  that  new  song,  which  none  can  learn 
but  they  who  were  redeemed  from  the  earth.  Then, 
too,  shall  we  be  able  to  appreciate  the  condescension 
and  forbearance  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  in  renewing  our 
hearts  and  educating  us  for  heaven.  "We  shall 
remember  all  the  way  which  the  Lord  our  God  led 
us."  Every  blessing  we  have  ever  received  shall 
be  traced  to  this  love. 

"  He  bowed  beneath  our  heavy  woes, 
To  raise  us  to  His  throne  : 
There's  ne'er  a  gift  His  hand  bestows, 
But  cost  his  heart  a  groan." 

From  the  depth  of  the  bottomless  pit  which  we 
have  escaped — from  the  height  of  the  excellent  glory 
which  we  have  attained — from  the  past  eternity,  in 
the  counsels  of  which  we  were  chosen  in  Christ 
Jesus — from  the  scenes  of  the  endless  future,  which 
have  opened  in  radiant  perspective  before  us — 
wherever  we  turn,  we  shall  find  subjects  for  the 
purest  gratitude  and  most  profound  astonishment. 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  307 

Every  emotion  of  happiness  which  the  redeemed 
enjoy  in  heaven  finds  but  one  appropriate  expres- 
sion ;  *'  Unto  Him  that  loved  us,  and  washed  us  from 
our  sins  in  His  own  blood,  and  hath  made  us  kings 
and  priests  unto  God  and  His  father,  to  Him  be 
glory  and  dominion  forever  and  ever.     Amen." 

III.  Again,  the  happiness  of  heaven  is  greatly 

ENHANCED  BY  THE  DEGREE   OF  INTIMACY  WITH  WHICH 

THIS  GREAT  Being  HONORS  US.  To  be  received  as 
subjects,  servants,  vassals,  with  the  privilege  of  behold- 
ing His  glory  and  with  the  gratitude  of  redeeming 
love  upon  our  hearts,  would  be  heaven.  But  this  is 
not  the  heaven  to  which  we  have  been  called.  We 
are  admitted  into  a  union  with  Himself,  the  nature  of 
which  cannot  be  fully  represented  by  the  analogies 
of  earth.  Every  relationship  of  Hfe  has  been  laid 
under  contribution  to  shadow  it  forth.  He  calls 
Himself  our  Friend,  our  Father,  our  Husband  ;  and 
when  He  appeared  among  men,  the  Son  of  God 
employed  every  conceivable  simile  to  make  it 
known.  He  compared  it  to  the  branches  and  vine 
— the  head  and  its  members — the  living  principle 
and  the  being  whom  it  animates — not  only  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  same  material  body,  but  to  the 
same  indivisible  spirit.  He  asumed  our  nature,  and 
united  it  in  one  person  with  His  own,  that  He 
might  become  one  with  us-.  He  gives  us  His  own 
Spirit,  to  make  us  one  with  Him.  Nothing  upon 
earth,  nothing  in  creation,  could  satisfy  Him  as  a  fit 
emblem  of  this  union  ;  and  hence,  leaving  all  infe- 
rior subjects  of  relationship.  He  points  us  to  the  in- 
comprehensible oneness  which  exists  between  Him- 


308  APPENDIX. 

self  and  His  Father,  while  He  prays  "  That  they 
all  may  be  one,  as  thou  Father  art  in  me,  and  I  in 
thee,  that  they  also  may  be  one  with  us."  "  I  am 
in  my  Father,  and  you  in  me,  and  I  in  you."  No 
king  has  ever  admitted  his  greatest  favorite  on  such 
terms  of  intimacy — no  mother  her  only  child — no 
husband  the  wife  of  his  strongest  affections.  Noth- 
ing less  than  such  a  union,  can  explain  those  parts 
of  revelation  which  confound  our  faith,  and  even 
overpower  imagination.  For  example  : — "  I  in  them 
and  thou  in  me,  that  they  may  be  made  perfect  in 
one,  and  that  the  world  may  know  that  thou  hast 
sent  me,  and  hast  loved  them  even  as  thou  hast  loved 
me."  "  I  appoint  unto  you  a  kingdom  as  my  Father 
hath  appointed  unto  me,  that  ye  may  eat  and  drink 
at  my  table,  and  sit  on  thrones,  judging  the  twelve 
tribes  of  Israel."  "  Heirs  of  God,  and  joint  heirs 
with  Christ,  if  so  be  that  we  suffer  with  him,  that 
we  may  be  also  glorified  together." 

"  To  him  that  overcometh,  will  I  grant  to  sit  with 
me  in  my  throne,  even  as  I  also  overcame  and  am 
set  down  with  my  Father  in  His  throne."  "  Behold 
the  tabernacle  of  God  is  with  men ;  and  He  will 
dwell  with  them,  and  they  shall  be  His  people,  and 
God  himself  shall  be  with  them,  and  be  their  God, 
and  God  shall  wipe  away  all  tears  from  their  eyes  ; 
and  there  shall  be  no  more  death,  neither  sorrow, 
nor  crying,  neither  shall  there  be  any  more  pain,  for 
the  former  things  are  passed  away." 

IV.  This  happiness  will  be  perpetuated  and 

CONTINUALLY  HEIGHTENED  BY  BEHOLDING  THE  BLESS- 
EDNESS AND  GLORY  OF  HiM  WHOM  WE  LOVE  SUPREMELY 


SERMON  ON  HEAVEN.  309 

— TO  WHOM  WE  OWE  OUR  ALL.  This,  most  emphati- 
cally, is  the  heaven  of  the  redeemed.  This  is  their 
final  rest.  As  they  enter  the  higher  and  purer  regions 
of  the  spiritual  life  on  earth,  all  other  interests  suc- 
cessively expire  ;  and  when  they  reach  that  point 
where  the  light  of  heaven  often  mingles  with  the 
shades  of  earth,  and  the  visions  of  the  blessed  break 
in  upon  the  entranced  spirit,  their  energies  become 
concentrated  in  one  absorbing  desire,  that  their  Re- 
deemer may  be  glorified  and  infinitely  happy.  This 
our  blessed  Lord  well  knew.  In  His  memorable 
prayer  to  His  Father,  He  makes  no  request  for  our 
personal  happiness.  His  petition  was — "  Father, 
I  will  that  they  also  whom  thou  hast  given  me  be 
with  me  where  I  am,  that  they  may  behold  my  glory 
which  thou  hast  given  me,  for  thou  lovedst  me  be- 
fore the  foundation  of  the  world."  Just  in  propor- 
tion as  our  love  to  Him  exceeds  the  love  we  bear 
to  self,  or  to  any  other  being,  must  the  joy  from 
this  source  transcend  all  other  joy.  This  gives  a 
double  intensity  to  our  being  "glorified  together 
with  Him.''  Though  we  shall  be  exalted  to  His 
own  throne,  and  be  made  partakers  of  His  own 
honors,  yet  our  highest  bliss  will  not  arise  from  our 
exaltation  but  from  His.  As  the  members  of  the 
body  are  perfectly  subservient  to  the  head,  and  only 
move  to  obey  its  directions,  so  shall  we  lose  almost 
the  consciousness  of  a  separate  existence,  and  only 
live  in  Him  who  is  our  Head  and  Life.  Even  be- 
fore His  final  advent  to  make  up  His  jewels,  those 
who  have  passed  into  His  heavenly  kingdom  are 
represented  as  exulting  in  the  triumphs  of  His  Gos- 


310  APPENDIX.  >i 

pel  upon  earth.  Moses  and  Elias  met  Him  on  the 
mount  of  transfiguration,  and  conversed  with  Him 
of  His  decease.  Many  arose  with  Him  from  the 
dead,  and  most  probably  attended  Him  to  His 
throne.  At  the  return  of  every  prodigal — at  the 
repentance  of  every  sinner — all  the  happy  family  in 
heaven  rejoice.  And  when  the  power  of  Anti- 
christ— that  greatest  obstacle  to  the  universal  prev- 
alence of  Christianity — shall  be  destroyed,  the  Pro- 
phet, wrapt  in  the  visions  of  the  future  "  heard  as  it 
were  the  voice  of  a  great  multitude,  and  as  the 
voice  of  many  waters,  and  as  the  voice  of  mighty 
thunderings,  saying,  Alleluia,  for  the  Lord  God  Om- 
nipotent reigneth  ;  let  us  be  glad  and  rejoice,  and 
give  honor  to  Him,  for  the  marriage  of  the  Lamb  is 
come,  and  His  wife  hath  made  herself  ready.  And 
the  seventh  angel  sounded,  and  there  were  great 
voices  in  heaven,  saying.  The  kingdoms  of  this  world 
are  become  the  kingdoms  of  the  Lord,  and  of  His 
Christ,  and  He  shall  reign  forever.  And  the  four 
and  twenty  elders  (the  representatives  of  the  church 
on  earth)  which  sat  before  God  on  their  seats,  fell 
upon  their  faces,  and  worshipped  God,  saying,  We 
give  thee  thanks,  O  Lord  God  Almighty,  which  art, 
and  wast,  and  art  to  come  ;  because  thou  hast  taken 
to  thee  thy  great  power,  and  hast  reigned."  That 
will  be  a  time  of  exaltation  to  them — which,  for 
the  honors  their  Redeemer  shall  reap,  is  desig- 
nated "  The  day  of  Jesus  Christ," — when  He  shall 
raise  the  dead,  and  change  the  living,  and  sit 
as  Judge  over  assembled  worlds ; — when  all  His 
ways  of  mercy  and  of  justice  shall  be  brought  to 


SERMON  ON  HEAVEN.  311 

light — when  His  enemies  can  find  no  fault  except 
with  themselves — when  "every  knee  shall  bow,  of 
things  in  heaven,  and  things  in  earth,  and  things 
under  the  earth ;  and  every  tongue  shall  confess 
that  Jesus  Christ  is  Lord,  to  the  glory  of  God  the 
Father." 

What  events  shall  transpire  beyond  the  judgment, 
we  are  not  informed.  Of  one  fact  we  are  certain  ; 
the  Son  of  God  shall  lose  none  of  His  honors,  but 
most  probably  new  glories  will  be  clustering  upon 
His  head  forever.  The  infinite  resources  of  His 
nature,  the  immensity  of  His  works,  and  His  own 
eternal  majesty,  all  require  this. 

The  drama  of  redemption  must  have  a  prospec- 
tive bearing,  and  when  the  great  family  of  the  re- 
deemed are  gathered  home,  we  shall  unquestionably 
witness  other  consequences  by  which  we  shall  learn 
still  more  of  "  the  manifold  wisdom  of  God." 

"  And  so  shall  we  be  ever  with  the  Lord.'* 

"  Millions  of  years,  our  wondering  eyes 
Shall  o'er  His  beauties  rove ; 
And  endless  ages  will  adore 
The  glories  of  His  love." 

"  Because  I  live,  ye  shall  live  also."  What  secu- 
rity !  All  the  instincts  and  aspirations  of  our  immor- 
tal nature  are  here  perfectly  satisfied.  No  dreaded 
contingency — no  unfulfilled  condition — no  possibil- 
ity of  change — shall  disturb  the  delightful  assurance 
that  all  we  ever  enjoy,  shall  be  enjoyed  forever. 
"  Him  that  overcometh  will  I  make  a  pillar  in  the 
temple  of  my  God,  and  he  shall  go  no  more  out." 


312  APPENDIX. 

This  is  a  distant,  dim  view  of  the  glories  of  the 
upper  world — "  Now  we  see  only  through  a  glass 
darkly." 

These  are  parts  of  our  Father's  ways  with  His 
children ;  "  but  how  little  a  portion  is  heard  of 
Him." 

Thus  far  we  have  scarcely  referred  to  what  is 
called  the  subjective  glory  of  the  saints — the  new 
and  inconceivably  improved  state  of  the  soul — its 
vastly  augmented  capacity  of  knowledge  and  sus- 
ceptibility of  enjoyment — its  perfection  in  holiness 
— its  eternal  exemption  from  all  moral  or  physical 
embarrassments  ; — and  after  the  resurrection,  its 
possession  of  a  body  which  we  are  taught  shall  be 
incorruptible,  glorious,  powerful,  spiritual,  an  instru- 
ment to  assist  its  operations,  and  supply  it  with  new 
faculties,  and  sources  of  joy.  The  testimony  of  in- 
spiration on  this  subject  is,  "  When  that  which  is 
perfect  is  pome,  then  that  which  is  in  part  shall 
be  done  away."  "  Now  I  know  in  part,  but  then 
shall  I  know  even  as  also  I  am  known  :"  a  surprising 
passage,  and  one  on  which  I  scarcely  dare  venture 
an  opinion,  for  it  evidently  compares  our  knowledge 
with  that  of  Omniscience  itself 

The  glorified  humanity  of  the  Son  of  God  is  the 
type  of  our  future  advancement.  "  It  doth  not  yet 
appear  what  we  shall  be,  but  we  know  that  when 
He  shall  appear  we  shall  be  like  Him,  for  we  shall 
see  Him  as  He  is."  And  being  ever  with  the  Lord, 
these  faculties  shall  be  in  the  progress  of  rapid  and 
endless  improvement. 

We  have  just  hinted  at  the  subjects  of  thrilling 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  318 

investigation,  which  countless  w^orlds,  in  all  their 
physical  variety,  and  the  nature  and  condition  of 
their  occupants,  shall  furnish. 

We  have  made  no  allusion  to  those  most  interest- 
ing services  with  which  we  have  reason  to  believe 
we  shall  be  honored,  services  which  are'  the  spon- 
taneous expressions  of  ardent  love — in  the  perform- 
ance of  which,  instead  of  a  momentary  suspense  of 
our  highest  bliss,  we  shall  be  like  the  angels  in  their 
earthly  ministrations  ;  who,  while  guarding  the  little 
ones  of  the  Great  Shepherd's  flock,  "  do  always  be- 
hold the  face  of  our  Father  which  is  in  heaven." 
They  carry  heaven  with  them,  and  increase  their 
enjoyment  by  their  benefactions. 

Not  an  allusion  has  been  made  to  the  delight  of 
intercourse  with  the  innumerable  company  of  holy, 
exalted,  most  united  beings,  many  of  whom  we  knew 
and  loved  upon  earth — the  glory  and  honor  of  the 
nations — the  elite  of  the  universe.  The  intimate 
relationship,  and  perfect  affinity  which  unites  this 
great  family  of  angels  and  men,  of  whom  Jesus  is 
the  Head,  shall  endear  them  to  each  other  beyond 
all  the  ties  of  earth.  And  here,  too,  the  friendship 
of  brethren  can  be  no  interruption  to  the  enjoyment 
of  the  Great  Head  of  the  household.  Nay,  we 
shall  assist  each  other's  mighty  joys.  Shining  forth 
as  the  sun  in  the  kingdom  of  our  Father,  we  shall 
multiply  the  exhibitions  of  the  divine  glory,  and  re- 
flect its  light  upon  each  other. 

These,  pre-eminently,  as  the  chief  of  the  ways  of 
God's  creative  power  and  redeeming  mercy,  will  en- 
chain our  souls  with  new  wonder  to  the  Redeemer. 
14 


314  APPENDIX. 

Nothing  can  divert  us  from  the  great  central  object 
of  admiration  and  of  love  in  heaven,  but  all  things 
shall  combine  to  increase  our  knowledge,  and  en- 
hance our  appreciation  of  Him  who  is  all  in  all. 

'»  Thou  art  the  Source  and  Centre  of  all  minds, 
Their  only  point  of  rest,  Eternal  Word ; 
Thou  art,  of  all  thy  gifts,  Thyself  the  crown." 

That  infinite  Being  who  is  the  heaven  of  yonder 
bright  world,  is  the  only  heaven  enjoyed  by  His 
people  on  earth, — "  Whom  having  not  seen  ye  love, 
in  whom,  though  now  ye  see  Him  not,  yet  believ- 
ing, ye  rejoice  with  joy  unspeakable  and  full  of 
glory."  Just  as  far  as  we  delight  in  his  presence 
and  communion  here,  may  we  indulge  the  hope 
that  we  shall  be  ever  with  him.  Let  us  often  dwell 
upon  these  ineffable  glories.  They  were  revealed 
for  our  sanctification  ;  for  "  every  man  that  hath 
this  hope  in  him,  purifieth  himself  even  as  He  is 
pure." 

How  admirably  adapted  is  their  influence  to  com- 
pose the  mind  under  the  shocks  which  it  daily  en- 
counters from  sins,  and  infirmities,  and  sickness,  and 
change,  and  death.  We  are  orphans  indeed  without 
this  hope  ;  but  with  it,  under  every  trial,  we  may 
hear  the  soothing  voice  of  our  heavenly  Friend,  ex- 
claiming,— "  Let  not  your  heart  be  troubled — ye 
believe  in  God,  believe  also  in  me.  In  my  Father's 
house  are  many  mansions,  if  it  were  not  so  I  would 
have  told  you.  I  go  to  prepare  a  place  for  you  ;  and 
if  I  go  and  prepare  a  place  for  you,  I  will  come 


SERMON    ON    HEAVEN.  315 

again  and  receive  you  unto  myself,  that  where  I  am 
there  ye  may  be  also." 

"  This  glorious  hope  revives 
Our  courage  by  the  v^ay, 
While  each  in  expectation  lives, 
And  longs  to  see  the  day. 

"  From  sorrow,  toil,  and  pain, 
And  sin  we  shall  he  free ; 
And  perfect  love,  and  friendship,  reign 
Through  all  Eternity." 


THE    END. 


DATE  DUE 


HIGHSMITH  #45115 


